英文科技论文写作第五课 语法与文体错误分析.ppt

ScientificPaperWriting PartIAnalysisofGrammaticalandStylisticErrors I CommaSplice 逗号叠加 False 1 Technologyneverexistsinvacuum itisembodiedinproducts processes andpeople 2 Stevenson sromanceareentertaining theyarefullofexcitingadventures Correct 1 vacuum itis 2 entertaining fortheyare Tips Commacannotbeusedbetweentwocompletesentences Ifthecontentsofthetwosentencesareconnected wemayusesemicolon Orweuselinkingwords II ChoppyStyle 文体紊乱 Sample1 Firstdraft WehaveestablishedacommunicationsSystems CS PlanningTeam 1 Thisteamincludesuserrepresentativesfromeachofthe12departmentsintheForever SealDivision 2 Weholdregularmeetingstoassessstate of the art communicationsequipment 3 Wediscusshownewproductsarebeingusedbyothercompanies 4 Atthesemeetings Theuserrepresentativesdescribetheirotherfutureneeds 5 Theyalsoworkouttheirrequirementsforthenewcommunicationnetwork 6 Correctone WehaveestablishedacommunicationsSystems CS PlanningTeamwhichincludes division Weholdregularmeetingstoassessstate of the art communicationsequipmentandtodiscusshownewproducts Atthesemeetings theuserrepresentativesdescribetheirotherfutureneedsandworkouttheirrequirementsforthenewcommunicationnetwork Exercise ElectriccarsmustbeabletomeetthesamesafetystandardsthatgasolinecarsmustmeetassetupbytheDepartmentofTransportation Thesestandardsarederivedfromanestablishedcrashtest Inthecrashtest thecarispropelledagainstasolidwallat30mph Thedataobtainedfromthecrashtest areanalyzedforfuelspillage fuelsystemintegrity windshieldretention andzoneintrusion Sample2 Theproposedsystemisrequiredtoalleviatetheincreaseindemandbyusingthemicrocomputerasastand aloneentrysystemwithallthenecessarygraphicsandsoftwarecapabilitiestoremovetheburdenof DataentryfromthepresentsystemCADDS Analysis Thisisalonginexplicablesentence Topicsentence 要求拟建的系统能缓和不得不增加的信息量 Development 1 方法 去除现有系统CADDS的数据入口负担而达到要求 2 设备 把微机作为独立入口系统来 完成 这种微机具有为完成这概念所要求的所有图表以及软件能力 修改方法 UsebothlongandshortsentencesToexplainthetopicbythewayofgeneral to specificUsecohesivedevicestolinktworelatedsentences Correctone Theproposedsystemisrequiredtoalleviatetheincreaseindemand ThesystemwilldothatbyremovingtheburdenofdataentryfromthepresentsystemCADDS Thisisaccomplishedbyusingthemicrocomputerwithallthegraphicsandsoftwarecapabilitiesasastand aloneentrysystem III ExcessiveUseofthePassiveVoice Rulestofollow 1 Maketheaction executorclearlyknowne g Nowthatthemethodhasbeenmodified itisusedtoanalyzethechemicalheatpumpdryer 作者修改了这个方案 将它用在化学热泵干燥器中 correct Nowthatwehavemodifiedthemethod wecanuseitto 2 Thecontentsofsentenceinpassiveshouldbeconsistentwiththefact e g 1 Inindustrymetalsareoftenusedintheformofalloys 2 Fromthesedataitisseenthatremotebatchprocessingcanprovidebatchprocessingatremotelocations 远程成批程序能够把成批处理发送到较远的位置 Analysisof 2 Itisbelieved itisseen andalikeusuallymeansfactsacceptedbymostofthepeople Noteveryonesawthedatamentionedinsentence 2 Correct Fromthesedataitcanbeseenthatremotebatchprocessingcanprovidebatchprocessingatremotelocations 3 AvoidExcessiveuseofthepassivevoice Excessiveuseofpassiveverbscreatesscientificwritingthatiscumbersomeandindigestibletoread Nomorethan passivesentencesinapaper Withgoodmixturewithactivevoicemayretainsthenecessaryclarityofmeaningandproprietyoftoneforscientificpapers IV AmbiguousReference 指代含混 Whenyouusepron ormodifier tobesurethatthesewordscanreplacethepreviousnouns e g Firstdraft Groundloopsassociatedwithcoaxial k u ks l cablesaretotallyeliminatedwithfiberopticcables Becausetheyaredielectric theydonotattractlightning Nordotheyactasantennas Analysis they usedabovemayreferto fiberopticcables orto groundloops Correct Groundloopsassociatedwithcoaxialcablesaretotallyeliminatedwithfiberopticcables Becausetheyaredielectric fiberopticcablesdonotattractlightning Nordotheyactasantennas 和同轴电缆相连接的接地线圈完全被光纤电缆所代替 因为光纤电缆是电介质 它不会被闪电电击 也不起天线的作用 V Misuseofthelinkingwords Errorsoccurredusually misuse afterall e g Afterall wecometotheconclusionthat use but and although inthesamesentence Toadd it improperlye g AsitwasmentionedaboveAsitisshowninfigure12Confusetheuseof comparingto with and comparedto or incomparisonwith e g Comparingtotheresults Comparingtheselatestresultsto withourearlierones Misuse Conclusively 有决定性的 as inconclusion Misuse particularly adv as inparticular VI Misleadingparallelism 平行结构不平行 Usesamegrammaticalstructureforparallelism firstdraft Theprincipalprocessesare 1 Coagulatingandflocculation 凝固和絮结2 Removingthesolids3 Nitrogen removal 氨气 4 Disinfection Correct Theprincipalprocessesare 1 Coagulationandflocculation 2 Removalofsolids3 removalofNitrogen 氨气 4 Disinfection Exercise Thepurposeofthisreportistopresentevidencethatthecontractingofficeractedwithintherangeofhisauthorityandhisfinalopinionwasbinding Thisfilterhastwoimportantfunctions torejectimpulsenoisesignalsandpassinglowfrequencycommandsignalswithoutamplitudeorphasedistortion Exercise TheTFCengineersandIfoundthattheselectionofHybridAnalogTransmissionusingFDM FrequencyDivisionMultiplexer tobehighlyreliable improvedsecurityofcommunications completegroundisolation freefromcross talk sparking shortcircuitloading RFI radiofrequencyinterference EMI electricmagneticfield andEMP electricmagneticpolarization immunity TFC工程师和我发现使用FDM的混合类比传输可靠性大 大大改善通讯可靠性 与地面全部距离 没有电话干扰 火花以及短路负载等 免受无线电频率干扰 电磁场和电磁偏振的影响 PartTwoUseofSomeWordsandExpressions Alotof Spokenform notusedinscientificpapersSimilar many much agreatdealofAboveReferstothematerialappearedoneparagraphorseveralsentencesbefore e g Theaboveexplanationwillhelpanswerthisquestion justmentioned e g Wecanadopttheexplanationintroducedearliertoanswerthisquestion e g WecanapplytheexplanationintroducedinSection2toanswerthisquestion AforementionedandhereinafterAncientEnglishAforementionedalgorithm algorithmdescribedabove AlternateandalternativeAlternate 轮流 交替发生Alternative二者或多个中择一Alternatively另做选择E g Youhavethealternativeofworkinghardandbeingsuccessfulorifnotworkinghardandbeingunsuccessful Alternatively wecanadoptthefollowingalgorithm Apparently 1 显然的 明白的 清晰可见的 2 表面上的 貌似 真实 的Apparently differentfuelcelloperationtemperaturescorrespondtodifferentoptimalcycleconfigurations 最佳循环结构 Use obviously instead Approach Whenxincreased thevalueofthefunctionapproachestozero Dr Kasternproposedanewapproachtosolvingthisproblem 如下所Asfollowings asthefollowings asbelow thefollowing asshownbelow Asfollows Aspect areaWordy Shouldbeomitted e g IntheareaofapplicationofGeneticalgorithm 遗传法则 manyapproacheshavebeenproposed manyapplicationsof RegardingtheapplicationaspectofGeneticAlgorithm manyapproacheshavebeenproposed Manyapproachestoapplicationof Assumeassumeas assumetobe Themainsteampressureisassumedas3MPa isassumedtobe3MPaBasedonTheobjectof on shouldrelatedlogicallytothesubjectofthemainclauseWhenthepp phrasecannotmodifythesubject weshoulduse onthebasisof by from accordingto Analyzethefollowingsentences 1 BasedonEq 6 itisobtainedthat 2 Basedontheexperimentalresults weconcludethat 3 BasedontheconventionalmethodusingLagrangemultipliers theclosedformsolutioncanbewrittenasfollows Correctones 1 FromEq 6 itisobtainedthat Eq 6 entailsthat 2 Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresults weconcludethat 3 AccordingtotheconventionalmethodusingLagrangemultipliers 4 Basedontheadvanceddigitaltechnology theNikonCoolPix995cameraprovidestheexcellentperformance BelongBelongusuallymeanswealthbelongings ordividedintoonecategory Inscientificpaper whenwesayoneitemshouldbeonepartofonekind wesay tofallintothecategoryof or tobeaformof tobeclassifiedas e g Thisproblemsisatypeofnonlinearprogrammingproblem Case 情况 事例Followedby inwhich or when where butnot that e g Letusnowexaminethecasethatthemassflowrateofairissmallerthan3kg s inwhich ConclusionThecollocationofconclusion Stateconclusion presentconclusionMakeconclusions giveconclusions e g Finally wemakeaconclusioninsection5 stateThefinalsectionofthepapergivestheconclusion states DetailsDescribeindetail adetaileddescriptionThedetailswillbedescribedinthenextsection Thedetailsof willbedescribed Adetaileddescriptionof willbegiveninthenextsection Give Betteruse state present propose toshow 提出 给出 e g Theconceptof sequentialCombustion developedbyABBisgiveninthispaper ispresented isdescribed isstatedMethodfor methodfor of isbetterthan methodtodo Weselectedthemethodtosolvethisproblem forsolvingthisproblemShowDon tuseshowtomean 提出 e g Simulation 模拟 resultsareshowninsection3ofthepaper arepresentedCannotbeusedtointroduceequatione g Thetotalheatremovalratecanthenbeshownasfollows beexpressed Exercise Trytocorrectthefollowingsentences 1 Althoughthenewprocesshasmanyadvantages buttherearesomeweakpointsinit 2 Alargeamountofsamplesareusedforourexperiments 3 Thehumidifierdoesnotworkanymore 4 Basedontheresearch wedrawtheconclusionthat 5 Therearebasicallytwotypesofnewsimulationmethods 6 Becauseofthefactthatelectricitycanchangeintootherformsofenergy itiswidelyusedinindustry 7 Becausethatnomachineeverrunswithoutsomefriction overcomingthatfrictionwastesenergy 8 Becauseourhomemarketwastoosmalltosupporteconomiclampproduction sowehavehadtoexportourproductsfromourearliestdays 9 Besides sendingthesemessageselectronicallyeliminatestheneedfor100piecesofpaper 10 TheywillcallthisinstallationasHeatPumpDryer HPD 11 Arefrigerationsystemiscomprisedoffourmaincomponents 12 Forpracticalpurpose thewalltemperaturemaybeconsideredasaconstant 13 Figure10demonstratesthenaturalirrationalfrequenciesfortrucks 14 Akilometerequalsto1000meters 15 FirstwewillgivethegoverningequationsintheCartesiancoordinates 16 Insuchcase theresultsshouldbedifferentfromthepreviousone WritingTechniques I Enumeration 列举 Functions Tolistallthesub itemsinonecategory Convenienceforreaderstohaveafullandcompleteunderstandingtothecategory Usedwhenyou ListthesetofequipmentsListfinishedandunfinisheditemsofyourprocessreportListalladvantagesanddisadvantagesofanewproduct Twowaystoenumerate Usemarks suchas1 2 3 orA B CEnumeratewhenyoustate UsefulExpression Include suchas include from toContains parts allthe from to are whichinclude aremadewith Samples 1 Thedefinitionofabreakwater 挡水板 isgeneral Itincludeseverythingfromasimplepileofstonestoanorderedpileofconcreteblockstoasolidwallofcement Logically thesedifferentbreakwaterdesigns utilizingdifferentmaterials havevaryingdegreesofeffectivenessatshuntingwaveaction 2 WerecommendtheNewOrleansheatexchanger Advantagesofthissystemare 1 Automaticcontrol 2 Loweroperatingcost Disadvantagesare 1 Probablysluggingofliquidrefrigeranttocompressors 压缩机 2 complexautomaticcontrol II ComparisonandContrast 比较和对比 Difference ComparisonisusedtocomparethesimilaritiesofthetwothingsinonecategoryContrastisfordifferencesbetweenthem CommonlyUsedExpressions Thepurpose becomparedwith forthepurposeof to inorderto sothat comparisonswereperformedinordertodetermine forthepurposeofdetermining sothatwecoulddetermine TheObject is are comparedwith among between Bycomparisonwith comparedto Incomparisonwith TheBasis isusedasthebasisforcomparing Comparisonswerebasedon Thebasiccriterionforcomparisonis Examples Aseriesofcomparisonswereperformedinordertodeterminethedifferencebetweenquantitativelymeasuredandpredictedtemperatures ThebestresultwasthenusedasthebasisforcomparingtheaccuraciesestimatedusingEquations1and2 III CauseandEffect Usedinthefollowingitems LogicalargumentationExplainthereasonsPredictsomeeventsExplainaprocess CommonlyUsedExpressions 1 FromcausetoeffectThisaccountsforthefactthat Itwaspartlyforthesereasonsthat cause generate yield bringabout giveriseto resultin leadto Thisexplainswhy Asaconsequence Asaresult theconsequenceis Fromeffecttocause resultfrom because since isattributableto dueto effectedby isdeterminedby decidedby causedby Asaresultof Thereasonwhy wasthat IV InductionandDeduction 归纳和演绎 Induction fromspecifictogeneralDeduction fromgeneraltospecificUsefulexpressions