中国知识产权保护.doc

中国知识产权保护之一：中国知识产权立法状况（中英文）2005-03-24 14:53为了使大家更好地了解中国知识产权保护方面的有关情况，了解中国政府在知识产权保护方面的决心、立场及做出的巨大努力，我司从2005年3月24日起分期连续刊登中国知识产权保护一文。该文共分为六个部分，分别为中国知识产权立法状况、中国参加知识产权保护国际公约与参与知识产权国际谈判的情况、中国与有关国际组织以及其他国家和地区开展知识产权交流与合作的情况、中国开展提高社会保护知识产权意识宣传活动的情况、中国的知识产权执法状况以及结语等。 我司从今天起，刊登该文的第一部分：中国知识产权立法状况（中英文）。在今后的一段时间里，我司将陆续刊登该文的其他部分，敬请关注！ 中国知识产权保护之一：中国知识产权立法状况 20世纪80年代，在改革开放的初期，中国就开始了知识产权保护的法制建设。为了适应经济发展和科技进步的要求，根据中国国民经济发展的客观需要，通过借鉴国际公约、条约规定和其他国家在知识产权保护立法方面的先进经验，中国不断建立健全了知识产权保护的立法体系。中国现有的知识产权保护法律体系主要由法律、行政法规和部门规章三个部分组成。其中，专门法律主要包括商标法、专利法、著作权法等；专门行政法规包括商标法实施条例、专利法实施细则、著作权法实施条例、知识产权海关保护条例、计算机软件保护条例、集成电路布图设计保护条例、植物新品种保护条例等；专门部门规章包括驰名商标认定和保护规定、集体商标、证明商标注册和管理办法、专利实施强制许可办法等（各主要专门知识产权法律、行政法规和部门规章的颁布与修改的具体情况见下文表1）。此外，中国的民法、刑法、对外贸易法以及最高人民法院和最高人民检察院发布的有关司法解释中也包括了知识产权保护的专门规定。总之，中国已经建立了比较健全的知识产权保护法律体系，这已经得到了世界各国及国际组织的普遍认可。 在不断建立健全知识产权法律体系的同时，中国也根据实际需要对相关法律法规进行了修改。特别是在加入世界贸易组织的过程中，为履行入世承诺，中国政府严格遵循世界贸易组织与贸易有关的知识产权协定（TRIPS）的有关规定对国内知识产权立法进行了修改和完善。修改后的法律法规扩大了权利保护的范围，增强了对权利人的保护力度和司法审查的有关内容，从而完善了中国的知识产权保护法律制度，使中国的知识产权保护法律同TRIPS的规定完全一致。如修改后的中华人民共和国商标法及其实施条例扩大了可作为商标保护的客体范围，专门规定了对地理标识和驰名商标的保护，增加了关于优先权的规定，增加了对商标确权的行政裁决的司法审查，加强了对侵权行为的查处力度；修改后的中华人民共和国专利法及其实施细则将专利的保护客体扩大到药品、食品及通过化学手段获得的物质等，延长了专利的保护期限，完善了授予专利强制许可的条件，增加了对外观设计、实用新型专利的行政裁决的司法审查；修改后的中华人民共和国著作权法及其实施条例增加了受保护权利的种类，明确界定了表演者和制作者的权利，增加了关于财产保全和证据保全临时措施的规定，增加了关于法定赔偿额的规定，加重了对损害社会公共利益的侵权行为的行政处罚。修改后的中华人民共和国专利法、中华人民共和国商标法、中华人民共和国著作权法等还增加了诉前责令停止有关行为的临时禁令，增强了对权利人的保护力度。这些法律法规的修改都进一步完善了中国知识产权保护的法律体系。 此外，中国还在不断积极研究制定有关知识产权保护的新法律、新法规，如自2004年12月22日起施行的最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理侵犯知识产权刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释，于2005年3月1日开始实施的著作权集体管理条例以及目前正在研究制定的信息网络传播权保护条例等。相信随着这些新法律法规的出台，中国的知识产权保护法律体系会进一步得到健全与完善，中国的知识产权保护法制建设也会不断向前发展。 表1:中国现行主要知识产权法律、行政法规、部门规章一览表 . Status Regarding Legislation in Terms of IPR in China In the early period of the reform and opening up to the outside world in the 1980s, China began its legislation regarding the protection of intellectual property (IP). In order to meet the requirements of economic development and scientific advancement and to satisfy the objective needs in developing the national economy, China has used for reference the relevant international conventions, treaties and the strong points of other countries legislation in this aspect, gradually established and improved its legal system in terms of the protection of IPR. Our present legal system in this regard mainly comprises the following three parts: laws, administrative regulations and department rules. These laws mainly include: Trademark Law of the Peoples Republic of China, Patent Law of the Peoples Republic of China, Copyright Law of the Peoples Republic of China, and so on. Special administrative regulations include: Implementing Regulations on Trademark Law of the Peoples Republic of China, Implementing Regulations on Patent Law of the Peoples Republic of China, Implementing Regulations on Copyright Law of the Peoples Republic of China, Regulations of the Peoples Republic of China on the Customs Protection of Intellectual Property, Regulations on Computer Software Protection, Regulations for the Protection of Layout-Design of Integrated Circuits, Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, and so on. Special department rules include: Provisions for Identification and Protection of Well-known Trademarks, Procedures for the Registration and Administration of Collective Marks and Certification Marks, Measures on Compulsory Licensing of Patents, and so on (for details about the promulgation and amendment of some of those main specific laws, administrative regulations, and department rules on intellectual property, please refer to Table 1 below). In addition, some of Chinas civil laws, criminal laws, foreign trade laws and judicial interpretations issued by the Supreme Peoples Court or the Supreme Peoples Procuratorate also include special regulations about IPR protection. In conclusion, China has established a relatively sound legal system concerning IPR, which has won universal acknowledgment from the other countries across the world as well as the international organizations. During the process of building up its legal system in terms of IPR, China has made amendments regarding some concerned laws, regulations and rules with a view to satisfying the requirements arising from reality. For example, when making preparations for joining WTO, the Chinese government made necessary amendments and improvement regarding its legal system about IPR according to the requirements of Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of WTO, in order to fulfill its commitment for joining the Organization. The amended laws, regulations and rules provide a wider protection scope and stronger protection for the owner of IPR and they put more emphasis on judicial reviews. These amendments have greatly improved Chinese legal system in terms of IPR, thus ensuring its consistency with the TRIPS. For instance, the amended Trademark Law of the Peoples Republic of China and its implementing regulations have extended their protection scope so that more objects can be protected as trademarks. They contain special provisions for the protection of geographical indications and well-known trademarks, add regulations concerning the right of priority, and judicial reviews over administrative determinations on trademarks, and also strengthen the investigation and punishment against infringement. The amended Patent Law of the Peoples Republic of China and its implementing regulations have enlarged the scope of objects enjoying patent protection to medicine, food and substances obtained chemically. They prolong the protection term of patents, perfect requirements for the award of compulsory patent license and strengthen judicial reviews over administrative determinations on patent for a design and utility model. The amended Copyright Law of the Peoples Republic of China and its implementing regulations have extended the types of rights to be protected. They clarify the rights of performers and producers, add the provisional measures as property attachment and preservation of evidence, and provisions about statutory damages, and increase administrative punishment against infringements harming the public interests. These three amended laws also include temporary injunctions prohibiting an action by a party before a lawsuit and provide stronger protection for the owner of IPR. All these amendments have greatly improved Chinese legal system regarding IPR protection. Moreover, China has never stopped its work on new laws and regulations for IPR protection. For example, Interpretations by the Supreme Peoples Court and the Supreme Peoples Procuratorate on Several Issues of Concrete Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases of Infringing Intellectual Property went into effect on Dec. 22, 2004, while the Regulations for the Collective Administration of Copyright have become effective on Mar. 1, 2005. In addition, Regulations on the Right of Communication through Information Network are also under discussion at the present time. It is believed that with the promulgation of these new laws and regulations, Chinas legal system regarding IPR will be further improved and perfected, and Chinas legislation in this regard will gain continuous development. Table 1: List of Chinas Current Main Laws, Administrative Regulations and Department Rules Regarding Intellectual Property Rights 中国知识产权保护之二：中国参加知识产权保护国际公约与参与知识产权国际谈判的情况(中英文)2005-03-29 11:03为了使大家更好地了解中国知识产权保护方面的有关情况，了解中国政府在知识产权保护方面的决心、立场及做出的巨大努力，我司从2005年3月24日起分期连续刊登中国知识产权保护一文（中英文）。该文共分为六个部分，分别为中国知识产权立法状况、中国参加知识产权保护国际公约与参与知识产权国际谈判的情况、中国与有关国际组织以及其他国家和地区开展知识产权交流与合作的情况、中国开展提高社会保护知识产权意识宣传活动的情况、中国的知识产权执法状况以及结语等。 我司从今天起，开始刊登该文的第二部分：中国参加知识产权保护国际公约与参与知识产权国际谈判的情况（中英文）。在今后的一段时间里，我司将陆续刊登该文的后面四个部分，敬请关注！ 中国知识产权保护之二：中国参加知识产权保护国际公约与参与知识产权国际谈判的情况 （一）中国参加知识产权保护国际公约的情况 在不断完善国内法律体系建设的同时，从80年代起，中国相继参加了一些主要的知识产权保护国际公约、条约和协定。自1980年中国加入建立世界知识产权组织公约起至今，中国先后加入了保护工业产权巴黎公约、关于集成电路的知识产权条约、商标国际注册马德里协定、保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公约、世界版权公约、保护音像制作者防止非法复制公约、国际专利合作公约、商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定、为专利程序目的进行微生物存放的国际承认的布达佩斯条约、建立工业设计国际分类洛加诺协定、国际专利分类斯特拉斯堡协定、保护植物新品种国际公约、世贸组织与贸易有关的知识产权协定等（中国加入知识产权国际条约的情况见下文表2）。 在陆续加入知识产权保护国际公约、条约、协定的过程中，中国积极参与这些公约、条约、协定项下的各种活动，中国政府恪守保护知识产权有关国际公约及协定的真诚立场和充分承担国际义务的能力，得到了国际舆论的广泛赞誉。 此外，中国还在积极研究加入其他知识产权国际条约。如中国目前已经着手制定和修改法律，为加入世界知识产权组织版权条约（WCT）与世界知识产权组织表演和录音制品条约（WPPT）作准备。 （二）中国参与国际知识产权制度改革和国际知识产权问题谈判的情况 中国密切关注国际知识产权领域的发展动态，积极组织相关部门参与世界贸易组织（WTO）、世界知识产权组织（WIPO）、国际植物新品种联盟（UPOV）、亚太经合组织（APEC）、亚欧会议（ASEM）等国际组织的国际知识产权制度的改革和国际知识产权问题的谈判。如中国积极参与了在WTO与贸易有关的知识产权理事会（TRIPS理事会）主持下进行的，作为WTO多哈回合新一轮谈判重要组成部分的公共健康、地理标识、遗传资源、传统知识等知识产权议题的谈判；中国多次组织相关部门参加了世界知识产权组织举行的会议，中国代表团就中国知识产权制度取得的成绩，以及中国对国际专利制度、遗传资源、传统知识及民间文学艺术等国际知识产权热点问题的看法作了重要发言，阐明了中国的原则和立场；中国还组团参加了UPOV、APEC、ASEM等国际组织的会议，积极宣传中国的知识产权保护成就，并与其他国家进行了有益的交流。 表2：中国加入知识产权国际公约情况一览表 II. Chinas Accession to International Conventions for the Protection of IPR and Its Participation in International Negotiation about IPR 1. Chinas Accession to International Conventions for the Protection of IPR While improving its legal system, China, since the 1980s, has acceded one after the other to the major international conventions and agreements for the protection of IPR. Since 1980 when China first acceded to the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, it has acceded successively to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respects of Integrated Circuits, Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, Universal Copyright Convention, Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms, Patent Cooperation Treaty, Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Service for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks, Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Design, Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification, International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and WTOS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of IPR (See Table 2 for information about Chinas accession to international conventions for the protection of IPR). During the process of its accession to these international conventions, treaties and agreements, China has always been active in taking part in such activities as prescribed by them, and it has won worldwide recognition for its sincere attitude of adhering to these conventions, treaties and agreements as well as its ability to undertake these international responsibilities. Furthermore, China is also considering acceding to other international treaties. An example is that it has set about to draft and amend relevant laws in order to accede to the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT). 2. Chinas Participation in Reforms on International IPR System and in International Negotiations about IPR Issues Paying close attention to the development of the situation concerning IPR worldwide, China has actively organized its relevant departments to participate in reforms on IPR system and international negotiations about IPR issues, initiated by international organizations such as WTO, WIPO, UPOV, APEC, ASEM, etc. For example, China actively took part in the negotiations about such subjects as public health, geographical indications, genetic resources, traditional knowledge and other IPR issues, which were considered to be important parts of the new round Doha negotiation of WTO and which were presided over by TRIPS Council. China organized its relevant departments to attend many conferences held by WIPO, at which Chinese delegation made important speeches on the progress China had made in its IP system as well as on such hot IP issues in the world as international patent system, genetic resources, traditional knowledge, folklore and so on. These speeches fully showed Chinas principles and attitude. China also attends conferences organized by UPOV, APEC or ASEM, at which Chinese delegates actively propaganda the progress Chinese government had made in IP protection, and had beneficial exchange with their counterparts from the rest of the world. Table 2: List of International Conventions on IPR China Acceded to 中国知识产权保护之三：中国与有关国际组织以及其他国家和地区开展知识产权交流与合作的情况(中英文)2005-04-05 09:02为了使大家更好地了解中国知识产权保护方面的有关情况，了解中国政府在知识产权保护方面的决心、立场及做出的巨大努力，我司从2005年3月24日起分期连续刊登中国知识产权保护一文（中英文）。该文共分为六个部分，分别为中国知识产权立法状况、中国参加知识产权保护国际公约与参与知识产权国际谈判的情况、中国与有关国际组织以及其他国家和地区开展知识产权交流与合作的情况、中国开展提高社会保护知识产权意识宣传活动的情况、中国的知识产权执法状况以及结语等。 我司从今天起，开始刊登该文的第三部分：中国与有关国际组织以及其他国家和地区开展知识产权交流与合作的情况（中英文）。在今后的一段时间里，我司将陆续刊登该文的后面三个部分，敬请关注！ 中国知识产权保护之三：中国与有关国际组织以及其他国家和地区开展知识产权交流与合作的情况(中英文) （一）中国与有关国际组织开展知识产权交流与合作的情况 中国积极采取多种形式加强与世界知识产权组织（WIPO）、国际植物新品种联盟（UPOV）、亚太经合组织（APEC）等有关国际组织在知识产权领域全方位的交流与合作，仅从近几年举办的合作活动中就可窥见一斑。2001年3月27日至29日，国家版权局与世界知识产权组织（WIPO）在广州联合举办“关于世界知识产权组织版权条约（WCT）和世界知识产权组织表演和录音制品条约（WPPT）及其对版权产业影响的亚太地区研讨会”；2001年6月10日至16日，国家知识产权局与世界知识产权组织合作，联合在北京和上海举办知识产权执法高级研讨班，国内外共计250人参会；2001年7月23日至26日，由国际植物新品种联盟（UPOV）主办，农业部、国家林业局和国家知识产权局协办的“亚洲地区植物新品种保护技术协调会议”在北京举行；2002年5月21日至25日，国家知识产权局与世界知识产权组织合作，并联合国家工商行政管理总局、国家版权局，在北京举办了中非知识产权论坛、世界知识产权组织政策咨询委员会和世界知识产权组织创造力与发明论坛，会议期间，中国政府与世界知识产权组织签署了中华人民共和国国家知识产权局与世界知识产权组织合作框架协议； 2003年11月20日至28日，国家版权局与世界知识产权组织联合举办了“关于世界知识产权组织版权条约（WCT）和世界知识产权组织表演和录音制品公约（WPPT）中的“向公众传播权巡回研讨会”；2004年4月，商务部与亚太经合组织在北京成功举办了“APEC第18次知识产权专家组会议”及“专利保护和药品可及性研讨会”等。这些活动对于各国交流经验，加强中国及其他国家的知识产权保护具有重要意义。 （二）中国与其他国家和地区开展知识产权交流与合作的情况 中国与其他国家和地区在知识产权领域也积极开展交流与合作。中美于1992年签署了中美知识产权谅解备忘录，于2000年建立了知识产权定期磋商机制，在每年开展知识产权定期磋商的基础上， 2003年共同举办了知识产权圆桌会议，并在2004年成立了中美商贸联委会保护知识产权工作小组。在与欧盟合作方面，1992年6月30日，中欧双方签订了有关保护知识产权的会谈纪要； 2003年10月30日，中欧共同签署了建立“中欧知识产权对话机制”的协议，构筑了中欧双方在知识产权方面进行交流的新平台；2004年10月21日至22日，中欧双方成功举行了知识产权对话首轮会谈；双方自1996年进行了为期六年的中国-欧盟知识产权合作项目；另外，在双方部长级中欧经贸混委会项下，也包括了知识产权问题的讨论；中国与法国商标部门之间定期举行中法商标混合工作组会议，1998年9月24日中国与法国签订了中华人民共和国政府和法兰西共和国政府关于知识产权的合作协定。中国与日本、韩国之间也建立了知识产权方面的双边及三边对话与合作机制，自2001年开始，中日韩三国知识产权局之间每年定期举行政策对话机制；中日著作权行政部门之间每年举行定期会晤，并于2003年由中国国家版权局与日本文化厅签订了著作权及邻接权合作协议；自1996年起中国工商行政管理总局商标局与日本特许厅之间建立了两局领导不定期会谈机制以及与韩国知识产权局正在磋商建立的密切业务合作关系等；另外，中日、中韩双边经贸联委会、中日韩三国经济局长会议也涉及到知识产权的议题。中国与巴西、墨西哥等国家和地区也开展了卓有成效的知识产权保护方面的交流与合作。 此外，在这些对话与合作框架下，中国与其它国家还多次联合举办有关知识产权问题的研讨会，如2001年9月4日至6日，国家版权局与中国-欧盟知识产权合作项目办公室在京联合举办版权集体管理研讨会；2003年8月下旬中国国家版权局与日本文化厅在北京举办了“首届中日著作权研讨会”；2003年10月23日至24日，在中国-欧盟知识产权合作项目框架下，中国国家知识产权局与欧洲专利局在北京共同举办了“中国与欧洲知识产权保护合作回顾、现状及展望”国际研讨会；2004年10月中国商务部与欧盟驻华代表团和日本驻华使馆共同举办了“中欧日三国知识产权研讨会”。中国与其他国家和地区通过有效的沟通与对话，增进了解，互通有无，为推进知识产权保护水平的提高做出了共同努力。 III. Chinas Exchanges and Cooperation with Relevant International Organizations, Other Countries and Regions Regarding IPR1. Chinas Exchanges and Cooperation with Relevant International Organizations Regarding IPR China has, in an all-round way and by various means, stepped up its exchanges and cooperation in the field of IPR with relevant international organizations such as WIPO, UPOV and APEC. Here are some examples for the last few years. The National Copyright Administration of China (NCAC) cooperated with WIPO to organize Asia-Pacific Symposium on the Impact of the WCT and WPPT on the Copyright Industry in Guangzhou from Mar. 27 to 29, 2001. From June 10-16, 2001, State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) cooperated with WIPO to jointly organize Intellectual Property Enforcement Training Seminar in Beijing and Shanghai, and over 250 participants were at the seminar. From July 23-26, 2001, Asia Technology Coordination Meeting for Protection of Plant Varieties was held in Beijing, which was sponsored by UPOV and organized by the Ministry of Agriculture, State Administration for Forestry, and SIPO. From May 21 to 25, 2002, SIPO together with State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC) and NCAC, cooperated with WIPO, sponsored in Beijing the China-Africa Forum on IP, the Forum on Innovative Power and Invention. During the period of the forums, China and WIPO signed the framework agreement of cooperation. From 20 to 28 November, the NCAC and the WIPO jointly held the Symposium on the Right of Disseminating to Public mentioned in WCT and WPPT of WIPO. And in April 2004, the Ministry of Commerce and APEC jointly convened in Beijing the APEC 18th Conference of Intellectual Property Experts Group as well as the Symposium on Patent Protection and Access to medicine. These events have not only offered opportunities for countries to exchange experiences and opinions, but also are of great significance for the improvement of intellectual property protection in China as well as the other countries. 2. Chinas Exchanges and Cooperation with Other Countries or Regions Regarding IPR China has also conducted active exchanges and cooperation with other countries or regions regarding IPR. Lets take the United States as an example. China and the US signed the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Peoples Republic of China and the Government of the United States of America on the Protection of Intellectual Property in 1992 and established in 2000 a framework for regular consultation mechanism on IP. On the basis of annual consultation, a roundtable discussion on the same issue, jointly sponsored by the two sides, took place in 2003. And in 2004, the Intellectual Property Protection Working Group of Joint Commission of Commerce and Trade (JCCT) of China and US was set up. Another example is the EU. China and EU signed the Minutes of Discussion on Intellectual Property Protection on Jun. 30, 1992. On Oct. 30, 2003, the two sides signed an agreem