英美政体比较(英文版).doc

英美政体比较To the political system is concerned, all western countries are a parliamentary democracy, a multiparty system and separation of powers system. However, the organization in specific and different countries have their own characteristics, which are most representative of the U.S. presidential model, the United Kingdom, Germany, parliamentary cabinet system model and the French semi-presidential model.Analysis and comparison of the U.S. presidential system and the similarities and differences between the British monarchy. Constitutional monarchy and democratic capitalist republic is a form of organization of state power, the state system they have in common is the same, all the bourgeois dictatorship. But not the same form of government, monarchy is hereditary head of state of a political system, since ancient times. However, in countries where the bourgeois constitutional monarchy, the hereditary monarch is the symbolic head of state, his powers limited by the Constitution, is the rule rather than the virtual system Chun. The bourgeoisie as the main body of the Parliament is the supreme authority, the Cabinet responsible to Parliament, such as the United Kingdom. Republic is the head of state elected a political system, but also since ancient times. In modern times, the bourgeois democratic republic divided into two parliamentary and presidential systems. Presidential democratic republic, that the president elected, the President is both head of state, government leaders, but also the countrys armed forces commander, the executive power concentrated in the President, the President decided to domestic and foreign policies, with very broad powers, such as the U.S.There are some main reasons for difference between British and American system of government: First English bourgeois revolution, the bourgeoisie with the mian contradiction is the contradiction between the feudal ruling class. But in the U.S., the contradiction is between the bourgeoisie with the colonial rulers. So their social contradictions are different. Second the development of capitalism needs a stable external environment, the British has the monarch, while American was in colonial rule, the feudal class doesnt have the same power as Britain. The early days of war continue so the rule requires a relatively concentrated form, therefore Britain is a constitutional monarchy, and United States is the President of the republic. Last objectively, the English bourgeois revolution is earlier, but power of the bourgeoisie is limited, the bourgeois constitutional monarchy is a compromise on the feudal forces. In the United States, after a period of the bourgeois revolution and capitalist development, it have strength and growth, if the King also set in the United States, he must would be overturned.Britain is a constitutional monarchy, the United States is a republic, because the United States does not own a separate monarch as their sovereign, so after independence the monarchy was not appear. United States presidential system, the president heads the cabinet, the United Kingdom is a parliamentary, prime minister heads the cabinet, the cabinet responsible to parliament. Since before independence in the United States, stationed in the colonies by the British Governor, there are representatives of the Governor and the local people-member parliament, the colonial government management of the main by the Governor, when most European countries the king is still head the cabinet, so the natural continuation after independence, the United States This form of organization, the Governor replaced by the president. The UK because many times the nobility and the bourgeoisie to seize power, the kings powers are limited, parliamentary strength has been enhanced. Americas most thoroughly implemented Decentralization: the legislative, executive and judicial powers, respectively independent exercise controlled by the Congress, the President and the Supreme Court ; three in personnel matters are separate. Congress has no right to overthrow the government said they did not trust them; in turn, the president can not dissolve parliament. Britain to pursue these three countries to maximize the power of fusion with each other, under the doctrine of the supremacy of the parliament, not only a high degree of fusion of legislative and executive power, and even failed to fully independent judicial power, but with the legislative and executive powers in a certain degree of fusion up. Government by the Parliament that the first civilian hospital hospital leadership composition of the majority party; the one hand, in charge of executive power, on the other hand Parliament legislative leadership; The Congress shall have passed no-confidence motion asking the government to resign, the Government also decided to dissolve the Parliament. The Constitution created three separate branches of government. Each branch has its own powers and areas of influence. At the same time, the Constitution created a system of check and balance that ensured any branch can not reign supreme. The three branches are: Legislative Branch - This branch consists of the Congress which is responsible for making the federal laws. Congress consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Executive Branch - The Executive power lies with the President of the United States who is given the job of executing, enforcing, and administering the laws and government. The Bureaucracy is part of the Executive Branch. Judicial Branch - The judicial power of the United States is vested in the Supreme Court and the federal courts. Their job is to interpret and apply US laws through cases brought before them. Another important power of the Supreme Court is that of Judicial Review whereby they can rule laws unconstitutional. The Constitution is built on six basic principles. These are deeply ingrained in the mindset and landscape of US Government. Popular Sovereignty - This principle states that the source of governmental power comes from the people. This belief stems from the concept of the social contract and the idea that government should struggle for the benefit of its citizens. If the government doesnt protect the people, it should be dissolved. Limited Government - Since the people give government its power, government itself is limited to the power given to it by them. In other words, the US government does not derive its power from itself. It must follow its own laws and it can only act using powers given to it by the people. Separation of Powers - As stated previously, the US Government is divided into three branches so that no one branch has all the power. Each branch has its own purpose: to make the laws, execute the laws, and interpret the laws. Checks and Balances - In order to further protect the citizens, the constitution set up a system of checks and balances. Basically, each branch of government has a certain number of checks it can use to ensure the other branches do not become too powerful. For example, the president can veto legislation, the Supreme Court can declare acts of Congress unconstitutional, and the Senate must approve treaties and presidential appointments. Judicial Review - This is a power that allows the Supreme Court to decide whether acts and laws are unconstitutional. This was established with Marbury v. Madison in 1803. Federalism - One of the most complicated foundations of the US is the principle of federalism. This is the idea that the central government does not control all the power in the nation. States also have powers reserved to them. This division of powers does overlap and sometimes leads to problems such as what happened with the response to Hurricane Katrina between the state and federal governments.British Constitution is not a separate file, by statute, common law, practices and so on. But British political system is also the separation of powersKing is the Head of State, the highest magistrates, chief of the armed forces and the Church of Englands supreme leader, form the right to appoint or remove the Prime Minister, ministers, senior judges, military officers, the Governor of the territories, diplomats, bishops and the United Kingdom St. Association and other senior clergy, and to convene, to stop and dissolve parliament, approved the law, a declaration of war and other powers make peace, but the real power in the cabinet. Scotland has its own independent legal system. The highest judicial and legislative bodies, by the king, composed of the Senate and the House. Upper House (of Lords), including descendants of the royal family, the hereditary aristocracy, the new seal nobility, the Court of Appeal and the church Archbishop and bishops. MPs elected by universal suffrage, taking the most votes in the small constituency election system. The government takes the cabinet system. Appointed by the Queen in the parliamentary elections by the majority party leader as prime minister and formed a government, responsible to Parliament. The Judiciary has three different legal systems: common law of England and Wales, the Scottish civil law practice, Northern Ireland and England to implement a similar legal system. Judiciary in civil and criminal courts divided the two system