22高中英语--状语从句讲座.doc

高中英语-状语从句讲座状语从句.概念 状语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词.状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔.状语是句子谓语动词的重要组成部分。它的主要语法功能是说明谓语动词，在时间、地点、方式、原因、结果，条件等方面对谓语动词作细节上的描述这些状语经常由副词、短语和从句表示。起状语作用的从句就是状语从句。状语从句可分为时间 地点 目的 原因 结果 方式 条件 让步 比较九个种类。考点分析：1. 状语从句虽然有完整的主谓结构，却是不能独立的从句。2. 状语从句它由从属连词引导成为整个句子一个不可缺少的部分。3. 考查的热点有条件、时间、地点、让步等状语从句的连接词词义辨析.4. 动词的时态呼应、状语从句的省略等。5. 题干结构呈交叉和综合特征，选项设计多从定语从句和名词性从句的角度进行思维干扰。引导状语从句的连接词列表状 语 从 句连 接 词时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as(一就), while, before, after, since , till, until。 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, barely scarcely when(一就)，each time, the first（第一次）, last time。every time（每次）,地点状语从句常用引导词：where。 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, since。特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, in as much as,条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless,。 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that。让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though。 特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever。结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, so that, such that,。 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that。方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how。 特殊引导词：the way目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that。 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that。比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)。 特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as B 第一讲：时间状语从句1. 表示“一就”的连接词引导的时间状语从句：由“as soon as, the instant/ the moment, the minute, instantly, directly, once, immediately”等引导的时间状语从句：The moment he saw me, he ran away. 他一看见我，就跑了。My sister came directly she got my message. 我妹妹一收到我的信息就来了。Once printed, this book will be very popular.一印刷，这本书就将非常流行。Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes.这个扭一按下去，这矿就爆炸了。They told me the news immediately they got the message.他一得到信息就马上把消息告诉了我。 由“no sooner than”和“had just/hardly/scarcely/ barely when”引导的时间状语从句。Hardly had I returned when I bought a fine house. 我一回来就买了个好房子。He had no sooner received the news than he started.他一收到这个消息就出发了。No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest. 我们一到达山顶就全都坐下来休息。Scarcely had he entered the room when the phone rang.他一进屋电话就响了。We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.我们刚一吃完早饭门口就来了一个老人。2. 其它引导时间状语从句的连接词：由“as, while, when, whenever”引导的时间状语从句，同时whenever引导的也是让步状语从句。The volumes varies as the temperature increases.She entered the room when the meeting was going on.当会议正在进行时她进了屋。Come and see me whenever you want to.无论你什么时候想来看我都可以。Whenever father says”not bad”, he really means “very good”.无论父亲什么时候说“不错“，他真正的意思是”很好“。While the teacher explained the text, the students listened attentively and took notes.当老师解释课文时，学生们认真地听并记下笔记。While ,when 和as的用法区别：在表示“当时候“，句中是延续性动词时，三个词的用法差别不大，一般可互换。例如：While /when/ as the students were studying, the lights went out.学生在学习时等灭了。 As 从句可用来表示以下三种情况，意为“一边一边”、 “随着”“正当”之意：1. 某事一发生，另一事立即发生。As I expressed to him my thanks, he held my hand firmly. 当我向他表示感谢时，他紧紧地抓住了我的手。2. 在某事发生的过程中另一事件发生。两个句子动词都用一般时态，从句也可用进行时态。As they opened the door on the ground floor, Mary said,”dont light the lamps.”当他们打开一楼的门时，玛丽说：“别开灯。“One evening in 1902 as she was sitting with Pierre at home, she said to him, “lets go down to the laboratory again.” 1902年的一个夜晚，她和皮埃尔坐在家里时，她对皮埃尔说：“咱们再去一下实验室吧。“3. 两个动作同时发生。As each day passes(=with the passing of each day), China becomes more and more powerful and prosperous.随着一天天的过去，中国变得越来越繁荣强大。As the peasant boy fought back, the nobleman drew his sword(剑) and thrust(刺) it at him.正当那农家男孩还手时，那个贵族拔出剑朝他刺过来。While 引导的时间状语从句必须用持续性动词或to be 表示状态，意为“当时候“”趁着“while从句可以表示：1. 一般或现在的情况。Make hay while the sun shines. 太阳好，就晒草。We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。Never get on or off a bus while it is in motion. 汽车运行时不要上下车。2. 将来情况（从句谓语可用一般现在时或现在进行时）。I will be kind to him while you are away.你不在时我会对他好的。I am going to the postoffice. -while you are there,can you get me some stamps?我要去邮局了。-你在那儿时，帮我买些邮票好吗？I will get something to eat while you are finding the book.你找书时我要拿点东西吃。3. 过去情况（时态主要有下面三种情况）。主句和从句谓语都用一般过去时。A letter came here for you while you were ill.你生病时来了封你的信。She listened carefully while he read the letter.他读信时她仔细听着。. 从句谓语用过去进行时，主句谓语用一般过去时。I hurt my left shoulder while I was doing gym. 我做操时伤了左肩膀。While I was windering at this,our master took his place. 我正对这感到纳闷时，我们的老师就座了。主句和从句谓语都过去进行时。While people in other countries were trying to catch animals, farmers in China were developing the science of agriculture. 当世界上其他国家的人们还在捕猎时，中国的农民已经在从事农业科学研究了。When 引导的时间状语从句既可用持续性又可用非持续性动词。When只是单纯的表示动作的时间，意为“当时”。When he answers questions, it takes about two minutes.他回答问题时大约要花两分钟时间。Are you going to be a sailor when you leave school? 你毕业后想当个海员吗？when 引导的时间状语从句还表示突然发生某事，意为“正在忽然”。Tom and susan were walking down the street when they saw an accident.汤姆和苏三正在街上走，忽然看到一场意外事故。I was about to go swimming when our guide stopped me. 我正要去游泳，这时向导把我拦住了。when引导的时间状语从句还可以表示过早的发生某事，意为“还没（刚刚） 就”，这时连词before也可以这么用，表示出现意想不到的情况。He had gone through six carriages （before）when he found he could go no further. 他走过了六节车厢，这时他发现再也走不过去了。She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.她结婚刚刚几个星期，那个人的弟弟就看见了她，并且被她的美貌所吸引。Someone called up in the middle of the night, but they hung up before(when) I could answer the phone。有人半夜打来电话，但是没等我接就挂断了。when还有“尽管，虽然，既然，鉴于，如果，届时，在那时”等意思。He walks when he might take a taxi.虽然他可坐出租车，不过他还是步行。How could I live in Los Angeles when all my favorite people live here? 既然我最喜欢的人都在这里，我怎能住在洛杉矶呢？How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none? 如果你不宽恕别人，你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, when for the first time in years their team won the world cup.对于这些足球迷们来说，这时今年令人激动的时刻，这是他们的队多年来第一次赢得世界杯。 由“till, until”引导的时间状语从句时，在肯定句中主句常用延续性动词（如wait, work, study等），意为“一直到”。在否定句中，主句要用非延续性动词（如stop, begin, arrive, die, get married等）。Notuntil结构常被译成“直到才”。The couple worked in the laboratory until day had broken. 夫妻俩在实验室一直工作到天亮。The couple didnt stop working in the laboratory until day had broken.They didnt go home until they had finished the work. 他们直到完成工作才回家。注意：该句型的强调句是历年高考的热点。肯定句要进行强调时可以采用正规的强调句结构，也可以直接将until从句或短语提至句首。It was Until the train had left that he waited for his companion to come. 直到火车已经离开了，他还在等他的伙伴来。She stood there till/ until he had passed out of sight. 她站在那里，直到看不见他的身影.Until the train had left, he waited for his companion to come. 直到火车已经离开了，他还在等他的伙伴来。注意: 而否定句的强调常用it is/ was not untilthat结构或把not和until从句或短语提至句首，而主句采用倒装语序。Until they had finished the work, they didnt go home. It was not until she finished doing her homework that the determined girl went to bed.Not until she finished doing her homework did the determined girl go to bed.直到做完作业以后，那个有决心的女孩才睡觉的。趁热打铁-学生练习: 把下列notuntil 结构变成强调句。1. The director didnt realize that clerks importance until he asked to leave the unit.It _ _ _ he asked to leave _ the director _ that clerks importance.(was not until, that, realized)_ until he asked to leave _ the director _ that clerks importance.（not, did, realize）2. The journalist wont leave until he sees the headmaster. 这记者直到看到校长才会走。It _ _ _ he sees the headmaster _ the journalist will leave.(not, will )_ until he sees the headmaster _ the journalist leave.(is not until,that )由“before, after”引导的时间状语从句：before引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之后，而after引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之前。Remember to turn off the light before you leave.在你离开前记得关灯。After she had written the letter, she went to the post office.她写完这封信后，她去了邮局。在时间状语从句中，连词before除表示“在之前”外，还常用来表示两件事情的发生相隔时间之长或之短。Before I could say anything, he had read my mind. 我还未能说什麽，他就猜出了我的心思。The host and the hostess had waited for hours before the guest came. 主人等了几个小时以后客人才来了。考点突破之重点精讲一“状语从句的省略”Unless _ to the meeting, you should stay at home with your family.A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited答案：A. 因为主从句的主语都是you,将条件状语从句中的主语you和助动词are省略了。在时间状语从句（when, while, once, until等引导的）条件状语从句，让步状语从句（though,although等引导的），比较状语从句（than引导的）和方式状语从句中，如果主从句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词时，可以省去从句中的主语和be动词。例如：Although he is very old. He is still very strong, 可省略成“Although very old. He is still very strong,”The product is better than it is commonly supposed. 可省略成“The product is better than commonly supposed.,”注意：如果状语从句中的主语是it,且谓语为be动词时，即使主从句的主语不一致，也可以省略状语从句中的主语it和谓语be动词。例如：I will come early to help you prepare the speech if (it is) possible. 如果可能的话，我会早点来帮你准备演讲。考点突破之重点精讲二“状语从句中的时态呼应”-What are planning to do in the future? -No idea. After all, I still have three terms to go before I _ .A. will graduate B. will have graduate C. graduate D. an graduating答案：C. 在时间状语从句中要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。在时间，条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，但有时也可在条件句中出现will表意愿。如：If you will come this way,our manager wants to see you. 请您这边来，经理想见你。在时间，条件状语从句中，也常用现在完成时代替将来完成时。在间接引语中的时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时，过去完成时代替过去将来完成时。例如：The tuorists will get to the destination in time if their car doesnt break down. 如果车不出故障那些游客会及时到达目的地的。I need one more stamp before my collection is completed. 在我的集邮完整之前我还需要另外一枚邮票。The traveller wont leave the hotel(招待所)until he has done all his business.直到处理事务以后那个旅客才会离开旅馆。趁热打铁-学生练习: 用所给动词的正确的时态完成句子。1. Your cousin will be a government official by the time he _ (be) thirty. 答案：is.2. I dont know if the musician will get married to the politician as they have planned, but if they _ (do), I will let you know. 答案：do.3. the coach wont forgive the gymnast unless she _ (tell) him the truth. 答案：tells.4. It will be centuries before this idea _ true.(come) 答案：comes.5. Mother told me not to go to the cinema until I _ (do) my lessons. 答案：had done.考点突破之重点精讲三“引导状语从句的before和since及引导强调句型的that的用法辨析”What a splendid evening we have had together! Its a fortnight_I ebjoyed myself so much.A. when B. that C. before D. since答案：D。句意为“我们在一起度过了一个多么美好的夜晚啊！ 我已有两周没有这样开心地玩过了。”since引导时间状语从句时，表示“自从以来”，符合本题的语境。主句为“it + be动词 + 一段时间”这一结构时，后边的连词该用before，since还是that的问题。解决这个问题的关键是看主句中的时态和整个主从句的意思。分为三种情况：1. 如果表示两件事情的发生相隔时间之长或之短，常用before引导从句。它德的特点是：主句常是现在将来时、过去将来时或一般过去时。若主句采用一般过去时的时候，表一段时间的名词后无ago这个词。It will be a fortnight before the new director takes charge.要过两周以后新主任才上任。The expert said that it would not be long before robots replaced humans.那专家说要不了多久机器人会代替了人的。Hurricane hit the area badly. It was long before the area became normal.飓风严重袭击该地区。过了很久以后，该地区才恢复了正常。2. 如果主句是一般现在或现在完成时，连词常用since，它表示过去某一动作的发生离现在有多长时间了。It is/has been centuries since the great wall came into being.自从长城形成到现在已经数个世纪了。3. 若主句采用过去时态，且表一段时间的词后有ago这个词时，属强调句型，连词要用that.It was centuries ago that the Great Wall came into being.是在数个世纪以前长城形成的。趁热打铁-学生练习 用before,that或since填空。 第二讲：地点状语从句地点状语从句常用where, wherever, everywhere等连词引导；I found my books where I left them.我在我放书的地方找到了我的书。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们去每个地方，他们都受到热烈地欢迎。They went wherever they could find work.无论他们在哪里能找到工作，他们就去哪里。Wherever he is may be, he must be found.无论他在哪里，他都会被发现。注意不要和where引导的定语从句相混淆。We shall go where working conditions are difficult.哪里工作条件艰苦，我们就去哪里。We shall go to the place where work conditions are difficult.我们将去那工作条件艰苦的地方。三星难点注意：地点状语从句也可以采取无动词分句结构。（帮助理解：与比较状语从句作比较，地点状语从句中省略了与主句中相同的谓语动词。而比较状语从句中是用助动词代替前面出现过的动词。）Change the form where necessary.Change the form where it is necessary to change.Wherever possible, all moving parts should be tested.Wherever feasible, the illustrations have been taken from standard literature. 第三讲：原因状语从句1. 由asbecausesince 引导的原因状语从句： As表示不谈自明的原因，语气最弱。As从句可放在主句之前或之后。 Because引导的从句表示直接的原因而不是推断的原因，语气很强，从句是全局的强调部分。往往用来回答why开头的特殊疑问句。它引导的从句一般置于句末，也可置于句首。Since(既然)引导的从句一般置于句首，引导的从句比because弱，表示推断的、自然发展的原因，比较口语化，它引导的从句通常放在主句前，但也可放在主句后，意为：“既然”。常用在书面语中，表示对方已知或稍加分析便知的原因。Now that 和since意义接近，表示既然，鉴于某个事实。As a steel ship is hollow, it floats on water. 因为金属船是空的，所以它浮在水面上。As he was not well, I decided to go without him. 由于他身体不好，我决定独自去了。Since Albert is late, lets begin without him.Since everybody knows about it, I dont want to talk any more. 既然大家都知道这件事了，我就不多说了。The book is interesting because it has many stories of adventure.-Why did you do it?I did it because I liked it. 你为什么这么做呢？ -我做它是因为我喜欢它。注意在什么情况下三个可以互换：要说明的原因是直接原因且很明显，或需稍加推断时。We camped there asbecausesince it was too dark to go on 我们在那里露宿是因为天太黑，不能再继续往前走了。 AsBecauseSince it was too dark to go on，we camped there 因为天太黑不能再继续往前走，我们就在那儿露宿了。在下面几种情况下只用because:. 回答why提出的问题； . 用来引导表语从句。(与the reason在句中作主语时，不能用because 引导表语从句相区分).用在强调原因状语从句的强调句之中； . 当从属连词前有only, just, simply修饰时。1. Why is he absent?-Because he is ill.2. Why he didnt come to your party was because his father was badly ill. The reason why he didnt come to your party was that his father was badly ill.3. It was because he didnt recognize you , he did not speak to you.他不跟你说话，是因为他没有认出你。4. You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不应该因为有人说你的坏话就大发脾气。注意：notbecause表示“并非是的缘故”。I do not like apples because they are sweet. 我喜欢苹果并不是因为苹果甜。2. 由连词for引导的句子语法上不叫原因状语从句，而叫做补充说明原因的并列分句。它不是一个从属连词而是一个并列连词，for引导的分句不能放在表结果的分句前。For前一般是逗号，但若前一句太长时，for前也可用逗号。 表示逻辑上的理由，提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明，或表示一种推理，一般只用for引导。（所以它引导的分句一般不放在句首。）There must be no one in the house for the door is closed.房子里一定没有人，因为门是锁着的。Someone must have left the tap on, for the water was running over and flooding the bathroom.一定是谁让水龙头开着就走了，因为水淹了浴室还流了出来。3. in view of the fact that可用assinceseeing that来表示，但不能用because： AsSinceSeeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand 既然你在这儿，你就帮我个忙吧。 AsSinceSeeing that Tom knows French，hed better do the talking 既然汤姆懂法语，最好让他来谈。 3 在assinceseeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陈述时，可用if来代替： AsSinceSeeing thatIf you dont like Bill，why did you invite him？ 既然如果你不喜欢比尔，你为什么邀请了他？ 由in as much as, considering that , now that引导的原因状语从句。I am ready to accept your proposal in as much as I believe it to be the best you can offer.我准备接受你的意见，因为我很是相信你提供的是最好的。Considering that he has only been learning English for a year he speaks it very well.(它可以)因为他只学了一年英语，他就能说的很流利（好）。Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.既然（因为）我们完成了课程，我们应开始做修正工作。（修正，修订，校订。Reviser校订者。Revised经过修订的.revise .vt. 复习，修改）由介词词组by reason that, for the reason that, in the view of (the fact) that, on account of (the fact) that, on the gronds that, because of, owing to, due to, thanks to, in that等引导的原因状语从句。He left on the grounds that he was ill.Wine is scarce here by the reason that it is prohibited.Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled.In view of the heavy rain, we will put off the outing.Thanks to my illness, I have the opportunity to improve my character.其它的表示原因的从属连词：The reasonis thatThe reason she refused to go was that she had no money.他不去的原因是他没有钱。I cant tell you anything when you wont listen.既然你不想听，我就不说什么了。In that for that he is ill, he feels unable to do it.因为他病了，所以他感到无能为力。If I find fault, it is that I want you to do better in the future. 如果我指出你的缺点是因为我希望你将来做的更好些。We rented the house not because we like it, but because there was no other house to let.我们租下这个房子不是因为我们喜欢它而是因为这没有其他的房子可租。It is not that I am unwilling but that I have no time .不是我不愿意，而是我没有时间。注意：if so的用法： I hope Bill wont come If so（If you hope he wont come），why did you invite him？ 我希望比尔别来。 如果这样（=如果你希望他不来），你为什么邀请了他？ 第四讲： 条件状语从句1. “unless (= if not)”引导的条件状语从句：You will miss the bus unless you walk home more quikly.你将错过bus的，除非你快点回家。Unless you go there early, there wont be much a chance of getting a ticket.除非你早点去那，否则没机会买到票。2. “if” 引导的条件状语从句：I will travel around the world if I earn a lot of money.If you work hard at your lessons, you are bound to pass the examination.If in doult, ask a policeman.If asked to comment, you should insist that you have nothing to say.3. “provided/ providing (that), suppose/ supposing(that), on condition that”等表示“假如，如果，在条件下”意思的词，引导的条件状语从句。I will come provided that I am well enough.如果我好了，我会来的。Supposing you fell in love with your boss, what would you do?如果你爱上了你的老板，你怎么办？I will give you a day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning.我可以条件是周六早晨得来上班。4. “as long as, so long as”等表示“只要”意思的连接词引导的条件状语从句。You are welcone to stay with us as long as you share the rent.只要你肯平摊房租，我们很愿意你留下来。You may take these magazines away so long as you return them on time.只要你能按时把它还回来，你可以5. “in case(万一，假如)” 引导的条件状语从句.The meeting will be put off in case it rains.万一下雨，会议就要延期。In case Mary comes, please tell her to come to my office.假如Mary来了，请告诉她到我办公室来。6. 动词不定式表示条件。Turn on the television or open a magazine and you will often see advertisements showing happy,balanced family.打开电视或是翻开一本杂志，你会看到很多广告展示幸福、安定的家庭。第五讲：让步状语从句表达按正常思维考虑不可能的事情却成了现实。这样的状语从句称为让步状语从句。我自己认为让步就是存在一定条件下的说法.引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些：though, although, as; even if, even though; whether.or.; no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever。下面对这些连词引导的让步状语从句作一说明。（1）though, although表示“虽然，纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。例如：Alhough/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。Although/Though he is very old, (yet)he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。值得注意的是，although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如：She passed the examination though she had not