初中英语单复数、基数词、比较级、过去式规则.doc

初中英语必记内容及巩固练习 一 名词A可数名词1 单数：加不定冠词a/an2 复数规则变化：a. 一般情况加s。girl- map- hand-b. 以字母s, x, ch, sh结尾的加es。class- box- wish-c. 元音字母加y结尾，直接加s。boy- monkey-d. 辅音字母加y结尾，yies。 family- factory-e. tomato , potato加es其余kilo , photo等加sf. f /fe结尾vesknife- life-3 复数不规则变化：a. man- woman-b. sheep - people-c. foot-d. child-f. *Chinese- Japanese- *American- Australian- Italian- *Englishman- Frenchman-*German- e. policeman- policewoman- f. man teacher-B不可数名词(1) money paper water milk tea news meat fruit rice wine bread(2) a _ of tea a _ of paper a _ of bread a _ of milk a _ of water a _ of ricea box of _ (book)a bottle of _(orange)a basket of _(apple)a glass of _(water)a piece of _(meat)a pair of _(shoe) 二 代词（一） 人称代词人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit口诀：人称代词不一般，主格宾格须记清。主格常放谓语前，宾格常置动,介后。人称代词若为单，第一人称靠后边。人称代词不为单，大家排队一、二、三。认错道歉谁为先，责无旁贷“我”为先。（二） 物主代词单数复数形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs口诀：物主代词有两种，名代、形代要分清。和冠词不相连，见名词就上前。名代后面无名词，形代站在名词前。This is _ apple. This apple is _. (I)These are _ oranges. These oranges are _. (you)（三） 反身代词我自己 你自己他自己 她自己 他自己我们自己 你们自己 他们自己by oneself enjoy oneself teach oneselfbuy oneself look after oneself hurt oneselflearn by oneself help yourself/ help yourselves to（四） 指示代词this : that: these thoseWhats that? _ an apple tree.What are these? _ banana trees.（五） 不定代词1. some many a few a littleany much few littleall both either neitherone the other another othersome- any- every- no-2. bothand either or neithernor3. 复合不定代词：定语后置。 Someone anyone everyone no one Somebody anybody everybody nobody Something anything everything nothing三 数词1 基数词 写出单词1-10：10-2021-30：20-90：100： 1000： 10000： 100000：1000000： 10000000： 100000000：1000000000：2 序数词口诀：基变序，很容易，一二三，特殊记，th从4加起。八去t来九去e，遇到ve, f替，ty变为tie, 后加th莫迟疑。若想表示第几十几，只变个位就可以。写出单词1-10：10-2021-30：Exercises:1. December is the _(twelve) month of the year.2. This happened at the beginning of the _(twenty) century.3. He was the _(four) runner to cross the finishing line.4. The Games of _ Olympiad in 2008 will be held in the city of Beijing.A. 29 B. the 29 C. 29th D. the 29th7. The new student is in _. A.Class 2 B.Class Second C.2 Class8. He lives in _. A. 206 room B.206 Room C.Room 2069. Excuse me, how does this number 20,135 read? - It reads _.A. twenty thousands one hundred and thirty-fiveB. twenty thousand one hundred thirty fiveC. twenty thousand one hundred and thirty-fiveD. twenty thousands, one hundred and thirty-five10. Bob, can you write the number seven hundred and eighty thousand and thirty-two? - Yes. It is _.A. 78032 B. 7832 C. 7800032 D. 78003211. -How many teachers are there in your school? - _, but Im not sure. A. Hundred of B. Hundred C. Hundreds of D. One hundred 12. _ travellers come to visit our city every year. A. Hundreds of B. Hundred of C. Five hundreds D. Hundred15. Our first class begins at a quarter to eight. A.8:15 B.7:45 C.8:4516. He will be here in _. A.an half hour B.half a hour C.half an hour17. Six thirty is_. A.a half past six B. half past six C. half to six18. He began to study in No.1 Middle School _. A.1990, September B.in September,1990 C. September, 199019. We say the date “April 20,1999” like _.A. April twentieth, nineteen ninety-nineB. April the twentieth, nineteen ninety-nineC. the twentieth April, nineteen ninety-nineD. April the twentieth, nineteen ninety nine四 形容词、副词的比较等级(1) 规则变化一个或两个音节单词构成原级比较级最高级一般 -er, -esttallfast以字母e结尾 -r, -stfine重读，一个元音加一个辅音结尾的，双写末尾辅音字母再加-er, -estbighot以辅音字母+y结尾，yier, iestheavyslowly多音节和部分双音节单词原级比较级最高级importantbeautifulCareful(2) 不规则变化原级比较级最高级good /wellbad/ illlittlemany /muchfaroldExercises:1.When winter comes, the days get _.A.short and short B. shorter and shorter C.long and long D.longer and longer2.Of all the students, Wu Dong runs _.A. fast B. faster C. fastest D. the faster3.Lucys drawing is good, but Lilys is much _.A.good B. best C. better D.the best5.Which do you like _, tea, orange or water?A.good B.well C. best D.better6.He wasnt _ with the bike. He fell off it.A.careful enough B.enough careful C.carefully enough D.enough carefully7.I dont think the film is _.A.interesting enough B.enough interesting C.so enough interesting8.Li Leis pencil is _ Mikes.A.longer than B.as longer as C.more long than D.the longest of五 动词A系动词 taste 尝起来 , smell 闻 , seem 好象 , look 看起来 , sound 听起来 , get/become/turn 变得 1The child looks _. (beautiful/beautifully)2The exercise is _. (easy/ easily)3Be _. (carefully/careful)4.Her voice sounds _. (loudly/ loud)5He seems _(friendly/friend) to me.6I dont feel _ (good/well)today.B 情态动词 can could 能，会 may might 可以，可能 must 必须，一定 cant 不能 mustnt 不准 neednt 不必 C 各种时态及相关动词形式 时态 动词相应形式 常用时间状语 一般现在时 动原/三人称单数形式 often/every day/usually/sometimes come/comes 一般过去时 动词过去式 yesterday /last week / two days ago came一般将来时 will/be going to +动词原形 tomorrow /next year will/be going to come现在进行时 is/am/are +现在分词 now /look! /Listen! is/am/are coming 现在完成时 have /has + 过去分词 already/yet /for/since have/has + comeD 被动语态的构成及各种时态 构成 be+动词过去分词 各种时态的被动语态及带情态动词的被动语态 一般现在时 am/is /are + 过去分词 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 一般将来时 will + 过去分词 带情态动词的被动语态 can/must/may/have to + 过去分词E 动词各种形式的变化规律 1三人称单数形式变化规律a +s comes, writes , learnsb 以s,x,ch,sh,o 结尾的， +es watches ,washes ,finishes, goes ,doesc 以辅音+y结尾的改y为i,再+es study studies 以元音+y结尾的 ，只+s buy buys play plays 2现在分词变化规律a +ing do doing study studying watch watchingb 以不发音的e结尾的，先去掉e再 +ing write writing drive driving live living c 重读，一个元音加一个辅音结尾的，先双写这个辅音字母再 +ing get getting forget forgetting begin beginning swim swimming run running 3规则动词过去式，过去分词变化规律a +ed look looked watch watched play playedb 以不发音的e结尾的，只 +d live lived use used like likedc重读，一个元音加一个辅音结尾的，先双写这个辅音字母再 +ed stop stopped fit fittedd以辅音+y结尾的改y为i, 再 +ed study studied worry worried 以元音+y结尾的 ，只+ed play played 数词考向分析与考点训练 一、考向分析中考对数词的考查主要是数词的复数形式的应用、分数的构成形式以及词形变化中的基数词转换为序数词。1.对数词的复数形式的考查。_trees have been planted in the past few years.A. Million B. Millions C. Million of D. Millions of当表示确切的数目时， hundred, thousand, million等数词用单数形式；表达不具体的数目，如成百上千，成千上万等时， hundred, thousand等数词用复数形式，且在其后加介词of。本题million前没有具体数目， million后要加-s并与of连用，表示数百万的。所以选D。2.对分数构成形式的考查。_of the students in our class are girls.A. Three five B. Three fifth C. Third fives D. Three fifths英语中的分数是由基数词+序数词构成的。分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示，分子大于1时，作为分母的序数词要用复数形式。所以选D。3.对基数词转换为序数词的考查。基数词转换为序数词常在词形转换中考查，要特别记住某些序数词的一些特殊变化形式。如：onefirst, two second, threethird, fivefifth, eighteighth, nineninth, twelvetwelfth, twentytwentieth等等。二、考点训练I.用所给数词的正确形式填空。1. The number of the students in Class Two is_. (fifty)2. The Yellow River is the_longest river in China. (two)3. The _ day of the week is Thursday.(five)4. My house is about_ kilometres away from my school. (ten)II.选择填空。1. Well plant many_trees on those hills in a few years time.A. thousand B. thousandsC. thousand of D. thousands of2. There are about_people in Nanjing.A. six million B. six millions C. six million of D. six millions of3. Where are they going to have the meeting? In_?A. 204 Room B. Room 204C. room 204 D. the Room 2044. He began to learn Chinese in his_.A. fifty B. fiftiethC. fiftiesD. fifth5. She carries a_baby in her arm.A. ten-months oldB. ten months-oldC. ten-months oldsD. ten-month-old6. _of the people here speak French.A. Two third B. Two threeC. Two thirds D. Second three参考答案：I. 1.fifty 2.second 3.fifth 4.ten II.1.D。在hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 等短语前可以用many, a few, several, some等表示不确定数目的词修饰。2-6 ABCDC“约数”表达法一、用形容词表达约数。常用的形容词有some, many, much, few, little, several, enough等。如：Didnt he give you some money? 他难道没有给你一些钱吗？My friend can speak several languages. 我朋友会说好几种语言。Few people live to be 150, but a few people can live to be 100. 几乎没有人能活到150岁，但有人能活到100岁。二、用副词表达约数。常用的副词有about, around, nearly, almost, hardly, some等。如：We have about forty minutes to leave. 我们大约还有40分钟才离开。The Great Wall is around 6,700 kilometres long. 长城大约有6700公里长。It took us nearly two hours to find our neighbours two little children. 我们用了将近两个小时才找到邻居的两个小孩。Almost no one took any rest. 几乎没有人休息。三、用介词表达约数。常用的介词有above, over, below, under, past等。如：There is nothing in this shop above five pounds. 这家商店没有售价超过5英镑的商品。The building is over 200 metres high. 那座楼高200多米。四、用数词表达约数。常用的数词有tens, hundreds, thousands, millions及billions等。在用这些数词表示约数时，其后通常跟介词of。如：Tens of thousands of trees will be planted there. 那里将种植成千上万棵树。Several millions of things are on show. 数百万件物品在展出。The bright star has been there billions of years. 那颗明星已存在那里几十亿年了。五、用词组表达约数。常用的词组有or so, more or less, a number of, less than, more than, a lot of, or more, or less, between.and等。如：The car went more or less sixty kilometres. 这辆汽车走了60公里左右。More than two months has passed. 已经过去两个多月了。He lived for ninety years or more. 他活了90多岁。I have one hundred yuan or less. 我有一百元，或者不到一百元。The train will arrive at between seven and eight. 火车将在7点到8点之间到达。另外，or连接两个数词或a (an)+名词+or two (=one or two +名词)也可表达约数。如：He will be back in a day or two/ one or two days. 他一两天就回来。He may give me two or three hundred pounds for this stamp. 他可能会付给我二、三百镑来买这枚邮票。巧学妙用基数词基数词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语和定语。例如 ：Twenty of them are Young Pioneers. 他们当中有二十人是少先队员。(作主语)There are many apples on the desk. Give me two, please. 桌子上有许多苹果，请给我两个。(作宾语)I think his father is forty years old. 我想他父亲四十岁了。(作定语)用于名词之后表示顺序。例如：Lesson One is very easy. 第一课很容易。Please open your books and turn to page 28. 请打开课本翻到二十八页。 基数词可表示年份、时间(钟点)、电话号码、年龄等。例如：I was born on July 12, 1989. 我生于1989年7月12 日。Whats the time? 几点了？ Its nine thirty. 九点三十分。His telephone number is 3940530. 他的电话号码是3940530。How old are you? 你多大了？ Im forty-five. 我四十五岁了。He has two uncles, and I have only one. 他有两个叔叔，我只有一个。There are fifty-six students in our class. 我们班上有五十六个学生。难点 表示“数以百计”、“数以千计”，分别用hundreds of, thousands of，且它们前面不可加入任何具体数词。也就是说hundred， thousand 前有具体数词时，其后不能加-s，当hundred， thousand 与介词of 连用时，则用复数形式，表示不确定的数目，其前不能有数词。例如：There are hundreds of foreign students in their school. 他们学校有数百名外国学生。 根据汉语意思完成下列句子。1. 一年有三百六十五天。There are _ days in a year.2. 这家商店里有数百台电视。There are _ TV sets in this shop.3. 一小时有三千六百秒钟。There are _ seconds (秒) in an hour.4. 我每天早上五点半起床。I get up at _ every morning.5. 我们班有四十八套桌椅。There are _ desks and chairs in our class.参考答案：1. three hundred and sixty-five 2. hundreds of 3. three thousand six hundred 4. five thirty / thirty past five / half past five 5. forty-eight英语中年龄的表达法1. 表示岁,可以只用数词,也可以在数词后面加上years old或year(s) of age,还可以在be aged后加上数词。例如:我十三岁。可译为下面几个句子:(1) Im thirteen.(2) Im thirteen years old.(3) Im thirteen years of age.(4) Im aged thirteen.2. 在岁时,这种表达常在句中作状语,因此需要在数词前加上介词。在十六岁可译为下面几个介词短语。(1) at sixteen(2) at sixteen years of age(3) at the age of sixteen(4) in ones sixteenth year3. 表示约岁,可分为以下几种情况:(1) be about+年龄。他大约二十岁。可译为:He is about twenty.(2) 从十三岁到十九岁,常用 in ones teens, below twenty; 也可用(a boy / a girl) of teen age来表示。(3)二十岁以上就用in ones(twenties, thirties, .nineties.)表示。如:She began to learn English in her fifties. 她开始学英语时已经五十多岁了。4. 表示不满岁,如他不到四十岁,可译为:(1) He is hardly forty.(2) He is below forty.(3) He is on the right side of forty.(4) He is on the sunny side of forty.(5) He is hard upon forty.(6) He is not yet turned forty.5. 表示快到(将近、差不多)岁,如他快到八十岁了。可译为:(1) He is going on for eighty.(2) He is getting on towards eighty.(3) He is getting on for eighty.(4) He is going to be eighty.(5) He is in his late eighties.(6) He is nearly eighty years old.(7) He can not be much below eighty.6. 表示已经多岁,如我已经二十多岁了。可译为:(1) Im more than twenty.(2) Im about twenty.(3) Im over twenty (years old).(4) Im in my twenties.(5) Im on the wrong side of twenty. 闯过特殊量词六道关江苏 丁楠中学英语中特殊量词很多，学习时应弄清肯定与否定观点、可数性质、功能特点、适用句型、常见搭配和主谓语一致情况。 一 . 了解特殊量词的肯定与否定观点。 much, many, a lot （ of ） , lots （ of ） , plenty （ of ） , a good many, many a, a large amount of, a number of, numbers of, a large quantity of, large quantities of, a variety of, varieties of, a mass of, masses of 表示许多，强调说话人带有肯定的观点； a few 有几个， a little 有一点，也强调说话人带有肯定的观点； little 没多少， few 没几个，强调说话人带有否定的观点。 I have much homework to do this evening. 今天晚上我有许多家庭作业要做。 Lots of flowers are still on show in our city. 许多花朵仍在我市展览。 There are plenty of natural resources in that country. 那个国家有大量的自然资源。 We have a few subjects to learn. 我们有几门学科要学。 Sorry, there is little that I can do to help you. 对不起，我几乎不能做什么来帮助你。 A good many students in our school have taken an active part in the movement against pollution. 我校有许多学生积极参加了反对污染的活动。 When this kind of coal burns it gives off a large amount of smoke. 这种煤燃烧时放出大量的烟雾。 We have saved a large quantity of / large quantities of money by using new technology. 通过使用新技术我们已经节约了大量的钱。 There are a variety of / varieties of animals in this forest. 这片森林中有各种各样的动物。 值得注意的是，下列场合 few 失去否定意义， in the past / last few years ，在刚刚过去的几年里； in the next / following few years ，在随后的几年里； in the coming few years ，在即将到来的几年里； every few+ 复数名词，每几。 In the past / last few years he has studied very hard. 在刚刚过去的几年里他学习很认真。 Every few hundred meters along the Great Wall, there is a watchtower. 沿着长城每几百米就有一座 瞭望台。 二 . 了解特殊量词的可数与不可数性特点。 much, a great deal of, a large amount of, a little, little 只能修饰或指代不可数名词； many, a good many, many a, a few, few, a number of, numbers of 只能修饰或指代可数名词； a lot （ of ） , lots （ of ） , plenty （ of ） , a large quantity of, large quantities of, a variety of, varieties of, a mass of, masses of 可以修饰或指代可数名词或不可数名词。 There is much / a little / little fresh milk in this bottle. 这个瓶子里有许多 / 有一点 / 几乎没有鲜牛奶。 He isnt good at making friends, so he has few friends. 他不善于交朋友，所以他似乎没有朋友。 A lot of English teachers are wanted in our school. 我校需要大量的英语教师。 Dont you know you have wasted a lot of time? 难道你不知道你浪费了许多时间吗？ There are a large quantity of / large quantities of apples in this fruit garden. 这个果园里有大量的苹果。 There are a large mass of / masses of dark clouds in the sky. 天空中有许多乌云。 三 . 弄清特殊量词的功能特点。 特殊量词通常既可以用作形容词作定语，又可用作代词作主语或宾语， much, a lot / lots / a great deal / plenty 还可以用作副词作程度状语，修饰行为动词或比较级形容词、副词。 Many of the students in our class have been to Beijing. 我班许多学生到过北京。 （ Many 为代词作主语） To tell you the truth, I have seen lots of them. 说实话他们中许多人我都见过。 （ lots 为代词作宾语） This article is much / a lot / a great deal / lots / plenty better than that one. 这篇文章比那篇文章好得多。 （ much / a lot / a great deal / lots / plenty 为副词作程度状语，修饰比较级形容词） To tell you the truth, I can see him much / a lot / a great deal / lots / plenty. 说实话，我见到他的次数比较多。 （ much / a lot / a great deal / lots / plenty 为副词作程度状语，修饰行为动词） 四 . 弄清特殊量词的适用句型。 much, many 既可用于肯定句又可用于否定句和疑问句； a little ， a few 常用于肯定句和疑问句， little, few 学用于否定句； plenty （ of ）学用于肯定句，否定句应改为 enough ； a lot （ of ）， lots （ of ）， a great deal （ of ）， a number of ， numbers of ， a variety of ， varieties of ， a mass of ， masses of 既可用于肯定句，又可用于否定句和疑问句。 别这么自信，恐怕我们没有足够的钱。 误： Dont be so sure. Im afraid we dont have plenty of money left. 正： Dont be so sure. Im afraid we dont have enough money left. 五 . 掌握特殊量