名词的单复数.doc

说明：must 加动词原形表示“必须做”；may 加动词原形表示“可能会做”；can 加动词原形表示“能够做”；can 表示“可能性”时一般用在问句和否定句中。该句的关键在于“but she isnt quite sure yet”。2. There _ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. （C） A. mustnt B. shantC. shouldntD. neednt说明：neednt 表示“不必”；mustnt 表示“不准”；shant 用在二、三人称中表示“坚决不准”，含有强烈的警告和命令的语气。shouldnt 表示“非常不可能”或“应该不会”。3. Its nearly 7:00. Jack _ be here at any moment. （C） A. mustB. needC. should D. canmust + be 表示“肯定会”；need + be 表示 “需要在”；should + 动词原形表示“非常有可能”；can 表示可能性只用在否定和疑问句中。4. Johnny, you _ play with the knife, you _ hurt yourself. （B）A. wont, cantB. mustnt, mayC. shouldnt, mustD. cant, should前句表示“你不能玩刀”，此处的 “不能”并非表示“能力”，而是表示“允许”，所以只能用“mustnt”；后句表示“可能会伤着你自己”，故用 may。5. - Are you coming to Jeffs party? - Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.（D） A. mustB. would C. shouldD. might此句的关键在于“Im not sure”，既然不能肯定，只能是一种“可能性”。6. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How _ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? （D） A. canB. should C. mayD. must此句的意思为：“Bush 先生总是很守时，他怎么可能在出席开幕仪式时迟到呢？“ can 在否定句或疑问句中表示“可能性”。7. - Is John coming by train?- He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.（D） A. mustB. canC. needD. may此句的关键是“He likes driving his car.” can 和 may 都可用于否定句中，cant 表示“根本不可能”，语气很强；may not 表示“也许不可能”，语气较弱。8. - I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter. - It _ true because there was little snow there. （C） A. may not beB. wont beC. couldnt beD. mustnt becouldnt 的语气比 cant 弱。B. 对过去动作或状态的推测1. Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm（A） A. have told B. tell C. be tellingD. having toldought to 相当于 should；此句的关键是“He meant no harm”，显然指的是过去的事。2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her. （C） A. had to write it outB. must have written it out C. should have written it outD. ought to write it outshould have written 意指“本该写但实际上并没有写”。3. - There were already 5 people in the car but they managed to take me as well. - It _ a comfortable journey. （D） A. cant be B. shouldnt beC. mustnt have beenD. couldnt have been此句谈论的是过去的经历，故 A、B 不合题意；must 表示判断和推测只能用在肯定句中。4. Susan_ written a report like this. （C）A. can haveB. mustnt have C. cant haveD. ought to not have该句的意思为 Susan 不可能写出这样的报告来。ought to have done 的否定式为 ought not to have done。5. Jack _ yet, otherwise he would have phoned me. （C） A. mustnt have arrivedB. shouldnt have arrived C. cant have arrived D. neednt have arrived此句的关键是后半句，“otherwise he would have phoned me”，此处为省略了条件句的虚拟语气，表示“如果到了他会打电话给我的”，由此可见，他肯定没到。6. - I stayed at a hotel while in New York. - Oh, did you? You_ with Barbara. （A） A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stayD. must have stayed此句并不表示判断，而是一个虚拟语气。4. shall; should 的特殊用法 1. It has been announced that candidates _ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.（D） A. canB. willC. mayD. shall该句的意思为：“通知说所有的考生必须坐在位置上直到考卷收完了才能离开。”考生坐在位置上不能用“能够、将要、可以”来表示。而 shall 在第二、三人称里面表示一种“命令、警告、承诺”等。2. Its nearly 7:00. Jack _ be here at any moment. （C） A. mustB. needC. shouldD. can3. - When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. - They _ be ready by 12:00. （B） A. canB. shouldC. mightD. need此句应是店主对顾客的承诺。4. You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _ be so rude to a lady.（C） A. mightB. needC. shouldD. wouldshould 与 how; why 等表示疑问或否定的词连用时，用来表示一种惊奇的心情，意思为“居然、竟然”5. 情态动词的应答 1. - Shall I tell John about it? - No, you _. Ive told him already. （A） A. needntB. wouldntC. mustntD. shouldnt此句的关键是“Ive told him already”，由此可见，你就不必再对他说了。2. - Could I call you by the first name? - Yes, you_. （C） A. willB. couldC. mayD. might在回答 “Could I ”这类婉客气的请求时，只能回答“Yes, you can 或 may”。不能用 could 或 might。3. - Will you stay for lunch? - Sorry, _. My brother is coming to see me.（B） A. I mustntB. I cantC. I needntD. I wont此句的关键是 “My brother is coming to see me.” 所以我不能在这儿吃饭。4. - Write to me when you get home. - _. （C） A. I mustB. I shouldC. I willD. I can在回答对方的请求或命令时，应该用 “Yes, I will.”而不能使用 would 或 should。6. 情态动词的其它一些用法1. I wonder how he _ that to the teacher. （D） A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say注意比较 dare 和 need 的两种词性的不同用法。2. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_ get out. （C） A. had toB. would C. was able toD. could注意比较 could 与 was able to 的用法区别。3. When he was there, he _ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day. （A） A. wouldB. should C. had betterD. mightwould 在此处表示过去惯常的动作。虚拟语气1. 虚拟语气的考点 1、条件句中的虚拟语气的用法；2、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；3、名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；4、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；5、虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。1、陈述语气与虚拟语气1) The volleyball match will be put off if it _.（B） A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained该句为陈述语气，因为主句用的是 will be put off。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时代将来时。2) - Would you have called her up _ possible? - Yes, but I _ busy doing my homework.（A）A. had it been wasB. if it was wereC. if it had been had beenD. if it were would be问句中用的是虚拟语气，主句用 would have called, 从句中与过去相反的动词形式为 had done；答句中表示的是真实的情况，所以该用陈述语气。2、条件句中的虚拟语气时 间 If 条件句主 句过 去had donewould have done现 在did / werewould do将 来should dowere to dodid / werewould do1) You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired.（B） A. drovedidnt getB. had drivenwouldnt have got C. drovewouldnt get D. were drivingwouldnt get 前句用的是陈述语气，表示过去发生的事；后句是虚拟语气，表示与过去相反。2) It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I_ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. （B） A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fallD. were to fall该句主句中用的是与现在相反的虚拟语气，而从句中使用的是与过去相反的虚拟语气。全句意思为“如果我不在七岁时迷上了我们家乡的 Melinda Cox Library，我真不能想象我今天会做什么。”3、条件句中虚拟语气的特殊情况1) 虚拟倒装句What would have happened, _ as far as the river bank? （C）A.Bob had walked fartherB. if Bob should walk fartherC. had Bob walked fartherD. if Bob walked farther2) 错综条件句If you _ him yesterday, you _ what to do now. （D）A. asked would knowB. had asked would have knownC. asked him knowD. had asked would know3) 介词短语表条件 But for your help, we couldnt have succeeded. They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.4) 情境中提供虚拟语气 Suppose there were no gravitational force, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped. She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early. Jack _ yet, otherwise he would have phoned me. （C） A. mustnt have arrivedB. shouldnt have arrived C. cant have arrivedD. neednt have arrived5) 比较if only与only if only if 表示“只有”；if only 则表示“如果就好了”。If only 也可用于陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。 4. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 A、宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词 suggest, order, demand, request, desire, insist, require, decide, determine, advise, recommend, deserve (值得提及) 后需用 should 型的虚拟语气。1. The teacher demanded that the work _ before 4 oclock.（B） A. finished B. be finished C. should finish D. finish2. - What did the doctor say about your mothers illness? - He suggested that she _ an operation at once.（C） A. must haveB. hadC. haveD. had hadB、主语从句中的虚拟语气基本句型：a. It is suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do b. It is important, necessary, natural, desirable, strange, advisable, imperative c. It is a pity, a shame, no wonder 1. Is it necessary that he _ the examination?（D） A. takesB. has to takeC. must takeD. take2. It is strange that he _ you this.（B） A. would tell B. should tell C. had told D. has toldC、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week1. His suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable.（A） A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try5. 虚拟语气在其它情况下的使用 1) wish 后的虚拟语气：How I wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden! （B） A. hasB. hadC. will haveD. had had2) as if 从句：When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. （C） A. breaksB. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken3) Its time 从句： It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed. 类似的结构为 would rather 从句： I would rather you attended the meeting this afternoon.1. - Do you mind if I leave the window open? - Well, Id rather you _ .（B） A. dontB. didntC. wontD. mustnt2. Its half past eleven. Its high time _ home.（D） A. wellB. wedC. were going D. we went非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的考点1、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别；2、非谓语动词作定语；3、非谓语动词作主语和表语；4、非谓语动词作宾语；5、非谓语动词作宾补；6、非谓语动词作状语；7、非谓语动词的时态语态和被动。二、非谓语动词的句法功能不定式主语宾语表语宾补定语状语动名词主语宾语表语定语分词表语宾补定语状语三、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别1. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.（A）A. angrily pointingB. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing两个动作之间用 and 连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的形式的一致性，故B、D皆错；不用 and 连接时称之为状语，只能用非谓语动词作状语，故C错。2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. （D）A.seizing,disappeared B.seized, disappeared C.seizing, disappearing D. seized, disappearing seized 和 took 是并列谓语，disappearing 是伴随状语。此题的关键是and 的位置，如果 and 在 disappear 前，则三个动词并列。四、非谓语动词作主语和表语1. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and _. （D） A. hed like to collect coins as well B. he feels like collecting coins, too C. to collect coins is also his hobby D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure在 and 连接的并列句中，两个主语要保持一致的形式。动名词 fishing 和 collecting coins 分别作两个简单句的主语。这句话的意思为“钓鱼是他的爱好，集邮也给他带来极大的乐趣。” 2. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help. （D） A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having非谓语动词作主语时要注意以下两个重要问题：第一是并行结构问题，如：Seeing is believing. /To see is to believe.第二需要注意一些结构：A) 在 Its no use (good; value; importance) 等结构中只用动名词作主语。如：Its no use quarrelling with such a fellow . 注意比较：Theres no need to tell him about it.B) 在 Its + adj. 结构中都用不定式作主语。注意两种句型：Its easy (difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible,comfortable, necessary, better; thefirst, the next, the last,the best, too much, too little, not enough) 后加 for sb. to doIts kind (nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful,thoughtless, brave, considerate (考虑周到的), silly,selfish (自私的) )后加 of sb. to do3. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult. （B） A. not makeB. not to makeC. not makingD. do not make动词不定式短语 to make life easier 及 not to make it more difficult 都作 purpose 的表语。非谓语动词作表语时要特别注意两个问题，一是并行结构问题，二是时间问题。一般来说，不定式作表语都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业”等。另外要特别注意现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。五、非谓语动词作定语 1. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.（B） A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 该题的谓语动词是 attract，“闻起来很香”用来作定语修饰主语 flowers。2. A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. （C） A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted “谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。3. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.（B） A. having hung B. hanging C. hangsD. being hunghang 作及物动词用时表示人为的“挂”；作不及物动词用时表示东西挂在某处的状态。本句中的 hang 为不及物动词，所以用现在分词作定语。4. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy.（B） A. to be chosenB. to choose fromC. to chooseD. for choosing动词不定式 to choose from 和 to choose 都可以作定语，问题是 to choose 作定语时该名词是 choose 的对象；to choose from 作定语时，该名词是 choose 的范围。该题指的是范围.非谓语动词作定语时要注意以下区别：A) 分词作定语时与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系；B) 动名词作定语时只表示用途、场所等意义；C) 不定式作定语时要注意以下一些固定结构：在 time, chance, right 等名词后；在序数词后；在 wish, need, demand, requirement 等词后。D)表示被动意义的非谓语动词作定语时的用法： done 表示已经完成的动作 to be done 表示尚未开始的动作 being done 表示正在进行之中的动作六、非谓语动词作宾补1. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. （A） A. not toB. not to doC. not to itD. do not to为了避免重复，常用省略形式 to 来代替前面的动作。如：Would you like to visit our school? Yes, Id like to.有些动词后面需要用不定式作宾补，除tell外，常见的还有：advise,allow,cause,consider，encourage,forbid,force,intend,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,urge,warn,ask,wish,want等特别注意： hope, agree, demand, suggest 等没有宾补。2. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. （B） A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning使役动词 make / have / let sb. do sth. 但改为被动语态后，则应为：be made / let to do。注意其它不带 to 的动词不定式的用法。3. A computer does only what thinking people _. （A） A. have it doB. have it doneC. have done itD. having it done此句中的 it 指代的是 a computer，what 在从句中作 do 的宾语，表示“人们让计算机所做的事“应该用 people have a computer do 这一结构。需要注意的是 have 的几个常用结构：have sb. / sth. do ; have sb. / sth. done ; have sb. / sth. doing ; have sb. / sth. to do4. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_ the next year. （C） A. carry outB. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry outthat 引导的是定语从句，修饰 plan，在从句中作 see 的宾语。因此从句中的结构应为 see the plan carried out。特别注意现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别。5. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. （A） A. playingB. to be playingC. playD. to play感官性动词后面的宾补若用不定式，则表示一个完整的动作；若用现在分词，则表示正在进行的动作。本句应理解为正在进行的动作。七、非谓语动词作宾语 1. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. （C） A. having met B. meeting C. to meetD. to have met2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ to my new job. （B） A. expectedB. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects注意1：仅带不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, refuse, offer, promise, decide, determine, intend, manage, fail, hope, expect, long, wish, tend, desire, plan, pretend, 等；注意2：动词 know, show 等常带疑问词加 to do 作宾语3. I really appreciate _ to relax with you on this nice island.（B） A. to have had timeB. having time C. to have timeD. to having time仅带动名词作宾语的动词为：admit，appreciate，avoid，delay，enjoy，escape，excuse，prevent， finish，imagine，mind，practise，resist，risk，suggest，stand，forgive，keep，allow，advise， permit，forbid，但如果在，allow，advise，permit，forbid 后提到有关的人，就只能用不定式作宾补。在动词 want, need, require, demand 等词后加动名词作宾语时表示被动意义，相当于 to be done。4. - You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. - Well, now I regret _ that. （D） A. to do B. to be doingC. to have done D. having done5. - Let me tell you something about the journalists. - Dont you remember _ me the story yesterday? （B） A. toldB. tellingC. to tellto have told6. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour. （A） A. waitingB. to waitC. waitD. to be waiting特别注意带不定式和动名词作宾语时意义不同的动词： remember, forget, regret, try, go on, mean, miss, stop7. How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden?（C） A. to takeB. takeC. takingD. to be taking8. - I must apologize for _ ahead of time. - Thats all right. （B） A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know notD. letting not you know9. Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong. （A） A. admitB. admittedC. admittingD. to admit介词的宾语一般都用动名词，但有三个介词 but (except) / than / be about 后要接不定式作宾语。10. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _a bicycle. （C） A. ride rideB. riding ride C. ride to rideD. to ride riding注意 prefer 的几个常用句型：prefer to do sth. than do sth.prefer doing sth. to doing sth. prefer + n. to + n.11. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some schools for poor children. （B） A. set upB. setting upC. have set upD. having set up12. - How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? - The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. （B） A. to solving makingB. to solving made C. to solve makingD. to solve made要特别注意 to 的词性，分析其为介词还是不定式。admit to，be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to ，stick to ，turn to，devote oneself to ，be devoted to，look forward to，pay attention to, get down to 等 八、非谓语动词作状语1. - Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day? - _ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. （C） A. GetB. GettingC. To getD. To be getting2. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. （A） A. To sleepB. SleepingC. SleepD. Having slept3. In order to make our city green, _. （D） A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees4. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. （C） A. LosingB. Having lostC. LostD. To loselose oneself in sth. 表示“陷入”，主语 he 为 lose 的宾语。5. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. （A） A. GivenB. To giveC. GivingD. Having givengiven 作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当于 considering。6. He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. （B） A. hopedB. hopingC. to hopeD. hope注意 hoping 为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的 to get 。7. The research is so designed that on