文体学期末论文.doc

On the use of taboo and Euphemism in EnglishAbstract: This paper introduces English ban the relationship between taboo and euphemism, analyzed the characteristics of the two and discusses the application and development of them. Along with the development of civilization, euphemism and taboo have rich cultural connotation. Through comparative study on the East and west of euphemism and taboo, reveals the culture of the East and the West in terms of religion, sense of hierarchy and etiquette difference, easy to learn the features of different cultures. Key words: euphemism; taboo; cultural differencesLanguage is the carrier of culture, and it is a part of culture. Because of the religion, superstition, etiquette and the technology is not developed, some languages have been banned, is also appeared in the use another language to replace the language phenomenon. Then there is the euphemism and taboo.Language is the carrier of culture, and it is a part of culture. Because of the religion, superstition, etiquette and the technology is not developed, some languages have been banned, is also appeared in the use another language to replace the language phenomenon. Then there is the euphemism and taboo. Taboo (taboos) originated from Pollini Yatangjia, meaning is things requires extreme attention, can also be writing tabu or Tapu. In the 18th century, British sailors jamescook first noticed the Tongan taboo customs. Then put the words to the English, according to the Oxford Advanced Learners English Chinese dictionary, the taboo word meaning (incertain Culture) ban or prohibition on something that is regarded forreligious or other reasons as not be done, touched, used. In English language taboos can be broadly divided into: Title taboo, taboo words, topic taboo. Vocabulary taboo can be divided into obscene words, abusive words, abusive words.1 Title tabooSpeech communication, how to call each other, is a very important issue. English has some rules in the form of address. In most cases, with Mr plus surname or Mrs. or Ms. or miss surname then can the. However, if you have to know each other is a high social status, for example, is governor, judge and Professor etc., with its title and surname, or single with the title. The name of a member of the royal family and the high position of the clergy is not sloppy. Such as the king must be YourMajesty, of Prince and princess to call your Highness, the cardinal said your Excellency. The Archbishop to call most reverend and. With the development of society, the way of addressing in English has changed. Now, people tend to use the name and title of the two ways to add the name of each other. 2 taboo wordsEnglish taboo words can be roughly divided into three types: (1) the obscenity; (2) profane words; (3) abuse of words. The so-called profane word is blasphemy. Words that are related to the religion of God, and the words with the meaning of religion. Christians are not despise to mention God or Gods name, the abuse of God or the name of God is disrespectful. So, some people tend to avoid without a word of God, and by gosh, and golly gawd etc., without the word Jesus and replaced by Gee, Jeepers, Chriminey etc. Abusive words often used to express some animal names, such as bitch, swine, cow, pig etc.Abusive words often used to express some animal names, such as bitch, swine, cow, pig etc. 3 tabooIn English and Chinese are taboo subject differences larger, Chinese people often in the first see each other he asked each others age, marital status, and monthly salary is how much, to show more concern and kindness. In China, between colleagues and friends is almost no words do not say, no words dont talk; and the Anglo American stressed independent personality, their personal and privacy is absolutely not to meddle in other peoples. For example, family income, personal property, marriage, age, weight, politics, religion, life etc. They are very taboo about other people asked about their age. But when it comes to personal income, savings deposits and other economic topics are taboo. Religious beliefs, marital status, political orientation and other aspects related to the topic, in the eyes of Westerners belong to personal privacy and private affairs, even between friends are almost never talk about these topics.Since there are taboo words, it will produce a pleasant word to replace the unpleasant word, Euphemism, euphemism. So the euphemism, beautify language and make the expression more tactfully, more subtle, to make the exchange relaxed happy, so euphemism will in this case produced and. The use of euphemism has a long tradition, which is particularly strong, Euphemism English euphemism is derived from the Greek Euphemismos, the prefix EU is good (good) sounding well (sounds good), and the root phemo to speech (speak) in Italy, the direct translation is good speech good words and good expression meaning, it is used to substitute a more direct, intrusive, offensive words, or conceal the truth with good words of truth, lexicographer Rosen (H Rawason) in his dictionary compilation of euphemism said in a euphemism for language fig leaf (linguistic jig leaves) and some also euphemism is said to be gilded Words (Du Jinci), cosmetic words (fancy words) are undoubtedly the meaning and function of Euphemism To make an exact and vivid description. This paper will deeply analyze the three social functions of English euphemism, namely: taboo function, politeness function, cosmetic function. (a) taboo functionEuphemism has been accompanied by the development of human society and enduring. As long as humans are taboo for some things, tactful language will for a long time used on alternative that can not say or do not want to say words. Student: mainly refers to the ugly appearance, body fat, physical defects. As the saying goes, beauty of the heart, people have the. Sometimes the reality is very cruel, it simply will not because of your will and transfer, when some of the cruel reality can not be avoided, people will use a more tactful and implicit way to achieve. For example, people in talking to people is plain, even is indeed Chou period, usually does not directly use the ugly (ugly, ugly) the derogatory meaning strong words, but gently said to ordinary (ordinary), or pain (general appearance, flat) to say so, peoples speech will not look is so harsh. Aging: with the passage of time, everyone will enter the elderly. In countries with different cultures, people are different from the old one. In China, the elderly are respected, zunlaoaiyou is always the virtues of the Chinese people, old is seasoned, experience deep, mature, so although Chinese culture has said a euphemism for old, but elderly people in China and not because people call them old or old man and angry, but that behind their name with a old is for their respect, and in western countries, unlike the Chinese culture have the custom of respect. In the fierce competition in the western society, their consciousness of old (old) is not mean, lost with the ability to compete with others, was eliminated by the society. Therefore, Westerners avoid that old. If the said people in the west the old man or to others the offensive or despise and the old Boing Boing is a manifestation of the very impolite. So in English produced a euphemism for many of the old, for example, people dont say an old person but senior citizens (senior citizens), or well-preserved man (maintenance of good people)Disease: people are yearning for health, dye disease is a very bad thing, in the communication do not easily speak directly to someone sick, or from some kind of disease name, which is popular psychology of the people of all nations in the world, so in English in a variety of diseases have their own euphemism. For example, people often use the big C (capital C), long illness (long illness) instead of cancer (cancer); stroke is accident; sexually transmitted diseases is entirely called social disease. Death: death is mankinds fate, for the dead and living, death is cruel. Death is the fear and taboo topic, therefore in communication dont appear easily die (die) words, often use a fuzzy concept to express, so that the death of the color more light a little. The following is in communication of several commonly used: pay one s debt nature also on debt for nature go west Guixi sleep the final sleep sleep the sleep. 2, on human organs and the physiological behavior of EuphemismWhether it is the east or the west, people of their organs and their physiological behavior, are tabooAttitude, especially on the sex organs and sexual behavior of words, people dont usually talk in public, only the most between the very close relations between relatives or friends to talk about. (two), polite functionPoliteness is the symbol of human civilization. Politeness principle is an important principle of human social activities, in the process of communication, people always pay attention to be polite, try to avoid conflict. The euphemism mild feature which has the function of being polite, roughly from three aspects: induction1, a lowly occupation EuphemismOccupation is a sensitive topic in social life. According to the idea of occupation is without distinction, we often say three hundred and sixty lines, adventure.has. However, engaged in heavy manual and service industry, people didnt like people call their names of occupations, and the choice of another better listen to the name to replace, the Anglo American countries also have the same idea, for example: Waiter, waitress (waiter) is known for dinning-room attendants (the restaurant manager), then the waiters position was elevation to the administrator of the maid (maid) is called domestic (domestic helper) garbage collector (cleaners) called and Engineer (sanitary engineer). 2, about the poverty and unemployment EuphemismPoverty and unemployment are sensitive topics in everyday life. In communication, everyone wants to get others respect, so when it comes to poverty or is with all the relevant situation if people say to each other as poor), clearly irritate each other, cause other unpleasant and embarrassing, so a poor euphemism is also a lot of, for example, in Chinese, the penniless pauper, people often use hand tight or temporary revolving or some difficulty to express. English is of no exception, such as, taboo penniless (broke), and said out of pocket (empty pockets); taboo poor and needy (poverty); underprivileged people (the poor people) or to be down on one s luck (the ill fated) to express. People. 3, abou