医学英语 前后缀1.doc

Summary on Medical EnglishChapter 1: 1. word-building: Prefixes: medical term firstA-CMedical prefixLaymens termsMedical prefixLaymens termsMedical prefixLaymens termsa -, an -withoutbar-.weightchole -bileab -away frombi -both,twocholecystgallbladrad -towardbrachio -armchondro -cartilageaden -glandbrady -slowcircum -aroundal -like,similarbronchi-, broncho -bronchialcol -colonamyl -starchbuccal -cheekcolp -vaginaangio -vessel (blood)carcin -cancercontra -againstankyl -crooked, loopedcardio -heartcort -coveringante -beforecarpo -wristcoxa -hipanti -againstcaud -tailcosto -ribsarterio -arterycenti -hundredth (100th)cranio -skullarthro -jointcephalo -headcubitus -elbow, forearmasthen -weakness, lackcerebro -braincut -skinaud-, aur -ear, hearirigcervic -neckcysto -bladder, sacchiro -.handcyt-, cyte -cellD-KMedical PrefixLaymans termMedical PrefixLaymans termMedical PrefixLaymans termdeci -tenth (10th)epi -upper, abovehepato -liverdent -tootherythro -redhydro -waterderma -skinfaci -facies, facehyper -excessivediplo -doublefascia -band (fibrous)hypo -deficientdors -backgastro -stomachhyster -uterus, wombdys -painfulgenu -kneeile -intestine (part)ecto -outsidegingiva -gumsili -hip boneedem -swelling (fluid)gloss -tongueinter -betweenencephal -braingravidpregnantintra -insideendoinside, withingyne -womaniri -iris (eye)entero -intestinehemi -halfkerat -cornea; scalyhaemo -bloodkilo -thousandL-OMedical prefixLaymans termMedical prefixLaymans termMedical prefixLaymans termlabia -lipmeno -,mens -menstruateneuro -nervelacto -milkmeso -middleocul -eyelapar -abdomenmetro -uterus, wombodont -toothlaryng -larynxmicro -smallonych -finger, toe nailleuko -whitemilli -thousandth (1000th)oophoro -ovarylingua -tonguemono -one, singleophthal -eyelip -fatmyelo -bone marrow,spinal cordor -mouth, bonelith -stonemyo -muscleorchid -testeslymph -fluidmyx -mucusortho -straightmacro -largenares-/nas -nose, nostrilsosteo -bonemamm-, mast-breastnatus -birthoto -ear, hearingmelan -blackneo -newovario -ovarymening -membranenephro -kidneyovi -eggP-Z Medical prefixLaymans termMedical prefixLaymans termMedical prefixLaymans termpan -allpseudo -falsestoma -mouthpara -besidepsycho -mind,soulstric -narrowingpart -birth, labourpulm -lungsub -belowped -, pod-footpyelo -bowl of kidneysuper -abovepaed -childpyo -pussupra -aboveperi -aroundren -kidneytachy -rapidpharyng -pharynxretro -backwardthel -nipplephleb -veinrhin -nosetherm -heatphrenic -diaphragmsalpingo-tubethorac -thoraxpleur -pleura of lungsebumwax, suetthrombo -clotpneumo -lungsemin -seedtrache -tracheapoly -manysial -salivatrachel -neckpost -behindsoma -bodytrans -acrosspre -beforesplen -spleenvas -vesselpro -forwardspondyl -spinevesic -bladder, sacprocto -rectumsquam -scalyviscera -organSuffixes: Medical terms firstA-OMedical termLaymans termMedical termLaymans termMedical termLaymans term- algiapain- dyniapain - malaciasoftening - celeswelling- ectasisenlargement - megalyenlarged - centesispuncture- ectomysurgical removal - oidlike, similar - crinesecrete within- emiablood - ologystudy of - dactylfinger,toe- genicsource, origin - olysisbreakdown - demaswelling (fluid)- gram, - graphpicture - omatumor - desissurgical fixation- itisinflammation - osisdisease, condition - ductopening- lysisseparation - ostomysurgical opening P-Z Medical termLaymans termMedical termLaymans termMedical termLaymans term- pathydisease- physisgrowth(physical)- rrhexisrupture- peniadeficiency- plastyplastic surgery- sarcomatumor, cancer- pexyfixation (tissue)- plegiaparalysis- sclerosishardening- phagiaswallow- ptosisdropping down- scopepicture,inspection- phasiaspeech disorder- rrhagiahemorrhage- spasmcontraction- phobiafear- rrhaphysuture, stitch- stasisstoppage- phreniamental disorder- rrheaflowing- tripsycrushing- uriaurineSuffixes: Disease/change in the bodySuffix Meaning Example Suffix Meaning Example -algiapaintalalgiaankle-pathy disease nephropathykidney -celeherniagastrocelestomach -penia decrease,deficiencyerythropeniared (cell) -dyniapain, swellingurodyniaurine -phagia eating, swallowing dysphagiadifficult -ectasisdilation, expansionbronchiolectasisbronchus -phasia speech aphasiawithout -(a)emia bloodleuk(a)emiawhite -plegia paralysis,stroke hemiplegiahalf -genproducing, beginningcarcinogencancer -phobia fear acrophobiaheights-iasisabnormal condition, formation of, presence ofcholelithiasisgall stone -ptosis prolapse, fallingdropping blepharoptosiseyelid -itis inflammation hepatitisstomach-rrhageburst forth haemorrhageblood -malacia softeningosteomalaciabone-rrhea discharge,flow of watery stools diarrhea -megaly enlargementsplenomegalyspleen -rrhexis ruptureenterorrhexisintestines-oidresemblefibroidfibres -sclerosis hardening artheriosclerosisartery -oma tumouradenomagland -spasm involuntarycontraction,twitching bronchospasmbronchus-osisabnormal condition, dermatosisskin Suffixes used for diagnosesSuffix Meaning Example Suffix Meaning Example -gramrecord of data encephalogrambrain -metrymeasurement ofaudiometryaudio (hearing)-graphinstrument for recording cardiographheart -scope instrument for viewinglaryngoscopelarynx-graphy act of recording dataradiography-scopyexamination oflaparoscopyabdomen-meter instrument for measuring craniometercranium Suffixes: Surgery-incisionsSuffix MeaningExampleSuffix MeaningExample-ectomyremoval mastectomybreast-stomymouth, forming an opening colostomy colon-centesis tap, puncture thoracentesischest-tomyincision, to cut intotracheotomytracheaThe following suffixes also describe surgery in terms of repairing, rebuilding, reconstructing, or bindingSuffixMeaningExampleSuffixMeaningExample-desisbinding ,stabilizationpleurodesispleural membrane (lining of the lung)-clasis to break down, refractureosteoclasisbone -rrhapysuture arteriorrhaphyartery-lysis loosen, free form adhesions,destruction enterolysissmall intestine-pexy fixation,suspension gastropexystomach-tripsy to crush cholelithotripsygallstone-plastyformation,plastic repair rhinoplastynose These suffixes show the word is a small version of a thing.Diminutive endingMeaning Example-ole small, little,minuteartiole artery-icle particle piece-ule vinule veinThese suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural.SingularPlural Example of singularExample of pluralaaepatella patellaeax acesthorax throracesen inalumen luminaIx, exices index indicessisses diagnosis diagnoseson aganglion gangliaum a ovumovaus i digitusdigitiy ies deformitydeformitiesma mata carcinomacarcinomataThe root of body part9Lipcheil(o), labi(o)cheilodynia唇痛Mouthstom(at)-, or(o)stomatitis口腔炎Sinussino-sinoaortic主动脉窦的 Tonguegloss(o), gloott-, lingua-glossocele巨舌症Toothodont(o), dent-odontology牙科学Noserhin(o), nas(o)rhinologist鼻科医师Cheekbucc(o),buccocclusion颊咬合Earot(o), auriotoaudio听力计 Eyeophthalm(o), ocul(o)ophthalmocele眼球突出Foreheadfront, fronsfrontad向额(面)Headcephal(o), capit(o)cephalocentesis头颅穿刺术Brainencephal(o), cerebr(o)cerebroid 脑样的Skullcrani(o)craniocervical 颅与颈的Necktrachel(o), cervic(o)trachelomyitis 颈肌炎Chestthorac(o), steth(o)thoracalgia 胸痛 Breastmast(o), mamm(o)mammogenesis 乳腺发育Ribpleur(o), cost(o)pleurocentesis胸腔穿刺术Abdomenabdomin(o), lapar(o)abdominojugular腹颈静脉的laparoscope腹腔镜Armbrachi(o)brachiogram肱动脉脉搏图Wristcarp(o)carpocace腕病Handchir(o)chiralgia手肿痛Finger, toedactyl(o)syndactyly并指(趾)polydactyly多指(趾)brachydactyly短指(趾)Footpod(o), ped(o)podiatrist脚病医生Heartcardi(o)myocardiopathy心肌病LungPulmo-pulmometry肺容量测定法LiverHepato-hepatocellular carcinoma肝细胞癌StomachGastro-gastrointestinal tract胃肠道GallbladderChole-cholestasis胆汁淤积IntestineEnter(o)-enterectomy结肠切除术PancreasPancreato-pancreatitis胰腺炎Bladdercyst(o), vesic(o)cystoscope膀胱镜Kidneynephr(o), ren(o)nephrolith肾结石Ureterureter(o)ureterostenosis输尿管狭窄Urethraurethr(o)urethritis尿道炎Urineurin(o), uro-uroporphyrin尿卟啉Ovaryoo(o), oophor(o), ovar(o)oophorectomy卵巢切除术Fallopian Tubesalping(o)salpingemphraxis输卵管阻塞Vaginacolp(o), vagin(o)vaginitis, colpitis阴道炎WombHyster(o), metr(o), uter(o)hysteromyoma子宫肌瘤bodySomato-, -somesomatocyte体细胞chromosome染色体musclemyo-, musculomyopathy肌病marrowmyel-, myelo-myelocyte髓细胞nerveneur-, neuro-neurology神经病学cellcyto-, -cytecytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒Arteryarteri(o)arteriosclerosis动脉硬化Aortaaort(o)aortoclasia主动脉破裂Veinphleb(o), ven(o)phlebangioma静脉瘤Bloodhaem(o), sangui(o)h(a)emolysis溶血Blood Clotthromb(o)thrombosis血栓形成Blood Vesselangi(o), vas(o)angiogram血管造影图numbers:ONE: un or uni/ mono/ soloTWO: bi/ di/ du or duo/ do or douTHREE: tri FOUR: qua or quad or quadr/ tetra or tetrFIVE: quin or quint/ pent or pentaSIX: sex/ hex or hexa SEVEN: sept/ hept EIGHT: oct/ octa or octoNINE: non/ novTEN: dec or deca or deci ONE HUNDRED: cent ONE THOUSAND: mille or milli MANY: multi or poly colors:Grey: glauc(o), Red: erythr(o), Black: melan(o), White: leuc(o), leuk(o), Blue: cyan(o), Yellow: cirrh(o), Green: chlor(o)THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODYI. INTRODUCTIONchemical (atomic to molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and, organismII. CHEMICAL LEVELatoms, molecules, elements or substances, compounds, mixtures, solutions, colloids and suspensions, homogeneous or heterogeneous, inorganic molecules, organic molecules, Biomolecules III. THE CELL Structure and ProcessesA. The Structure of a Typical Cell1. Cell membrane or plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles (Mitochondrion, Ribosomes, Rough and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes), Nucleus (Nuclear membrane/envelope, Chromosomes (DNA), Nucleolus, Nucleoplasm)2. columnar, cuboidal, squamous (irregularly shaped), polygonal, and fusiform (with tapered or tipped ends) cellB. CELLULAR PROCESSESadenosine triphosphate (ATP), Passive cellular processes (diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion), Active processes (Endocytosis-Phagocytosis Pinocytosis, Exocytosis, Active transport systems)C. THE CELL CYCLE cell cycle, Cell division, Karyokinesis, Meiosis, Mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, Cytokinesis, differentiation (maturation) IV. THE TISSUE LEVEL HistologyEpithellial tissues (epithelium)Connective tissues: Dense and loose connective tissue, Bone (osteo-), Cartilage (chondro-), Blood (hemato/hemo), Fat (lipo-)Muscle tissues: Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscleNervous tissues: Neurons, Neuroglial cells (Neuroglia, glial cells) V. THE ORGAN, ORGAN SYSTEM AND ORGANISM LEVELS1. organs (organo-), Organology2. organ system: Circulatory system, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, Endocrine system, Nervous system, Reproductive system, Integumentary system, Hematological system, Lymphatic system, Urinary system3. organism or individual. VI. TERMS USED IN STUDYING THE HUMAN BODY1. anatomical position: standing, arms on the side, feet together, and the head and palms facing forward. 2. body planes or sections. Transverse or cross-sectional plane, Sagittal plane, Coronal plane3. directional terms. Term Root Word/ Combining formMeaningCephaladCaudadCephalo-Caudo-Toward the headToward the buttocks or lower partSuperiorInferiorSupero-/supraInfero-/infra-Above, upperBelow, underMidlineMid-Middle line that divides the body into equal left and right parts; central line of the bodyAnterior/ventralPosterior/dorsalAntero-, ventro-Postero, dorso-Front partBack partSuperficialDeepToward the surface of the bodyToward the core or away from the surfaceMedialLateralMedio-Latero-Toward the central line (of the body)Away from the central line; peripheralProximal Distal Proximo-Disto- Near to the point of origin or attachment (in relation to the central line)Away from the point of attachment4. different regions and spaces The major regions of the bodyRegionRoot WordsSome Parts Included in the RegionHead and Neck Cephalo-, cervico-brain, sense organs, larynxThorax (Chest)Thoraco-Lungs, HeartAbdomenAbdomino-, Laparo-Stomach, Intestines, LiverPelvisPelvico-Genitals, Urinary bladder (UB)Upper ExtremitiesBrachio-, mano-Arms, Forearms, HandsLower ExtremitiesPedi-Thigh, Legs, Feet The cavities (spaces) of the body Dorsal cavity: Cranial cavity- brain, Spinal cavity- spinal cord; Ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity-lungs, heart, Abdominopelvic cavity (Abdominal cavity- intestines, liver, Pelvic cavity- reproductive organs, urinary bladder)VI. DISCIPLINES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF