研究生英语阅读教程(二)提高级翻译及口语.doc

Lesson 11.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。Yesterdays terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives.2.佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。”“We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “Were getting a lesson in the way fear works.”3.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。In a country long proud and even boastful of its opennessa country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescortedthe terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.4.报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。”But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Floridas Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.”5.对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。”Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillancesuch as overhead video cameras at sporting eventsthan they have to date. “Its very likely in the wake of todays events that were going to see a greater acceptance on the publics partand on the courts partto approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor.Lesson 21.一次大规模的航天工业企业的合并过程使得波音公司成为美国国家航空航天局最大的承包商，但是，正是这一合并的过程大大地削弱了竞争。评论人士说，这样一来，那些有助于产生巨大技术飞跃的创造性的思想碰撞也就少了。But the very process that made it the biggest NASA contractor-a sweeping consolidation of the aerospace industry-has sharply reduced competition，and with it，critics say，the creative clash of ideas that helps produce great technological leaps。2.其不确定性最近更加明显了。布什第一次宣布这一消息后，部分公众对此表示怀疑，此后他就一直在很大程度对此事保持沉默，甚至在他的国情咨文中也未涉及。The uncertainty has been underscored recently。Since bush made his initial announcement，which was greeted with some public skepticism，he has been largely silent on the subject，not even mentioning it in his state of the union address。3.而且他们的专业技术后备力量得不到充实。优秀的工科学生现在大多会进入像国际互联网和生物技术这样的领域。航天业对于技术工作者一度是一个首选的行业，现在却在可能进入该行业的工作人员中树立了一个不利的形象，行业协会如是说。一项对500名美国航天工作者的调查发现八成的人不愿让他们的子女步他们的后尘进入航天业。And their expertise is not being replenished. Bright engineering students are now more likely to go into areas like the Internet or biotechnology. Once the “industry of choice” for technical workers, aerospace ”presents a negative image to potential employees”, the industry association said. A survey of 500 American aerospace workers found that 80 percent would not recommend that their children follow them into the field.4.合并也会造成伤害。根据2002年赖斯大学詹姆士阿贝克尔第三公众政策研究所的一项研究，把同行冤家都放到一个大家庭里对于公司管理来说是创造了一个“更加舒适的气氛”，但长此以往，创新活力的源泉行业中的竞争氛围将会耗尽，并会不可避免地导致停滞的局面。Consolidation has hurt, too. Pulling rivals into a big tent can create a “more comfortable atmosphere” for corporate management, according to a study by the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in 2002, but over time it drains the industry of competitionthe lifeblood of innovationand” leads unavoidably to stagnation”.5.约翰M劳格斯顿说，月球和火星计划的巨大挑战也许正是给那些项目带来新鲜活力的契机。“这一前景不仅能给我们国家航空航天局的振兴提供一个焦点，还能为包括工业基地和学术环境在内的美国国内航天能力的复兴提供一个工作中心。”The grand challenge of missions to the moon and to Mars, he said, may be just the thing to breathe new life into those programs.” What this vision does is provide a focus, not only for revitalization of NASA, but the revitalization of the U.S. civil space capability,” he said,” including the industrial base, including academia.”Lesson 41 1970年秋天，你想不注意比尔-克林顿也不容易。他来到耶鲁大学法学院时,看上去像一个北欧海盗，而不像一个在牛津大学呆了两年后回国的罗兹奖学金获得者。他身材高大，他那棕红色的胡子和卷曲而浓密的头发使他显得很帅气。他浑身充满了活力。当我第一次在法学院的学生休息室里见到他时，正对着一帮全神贯注的同学滔滔不绝地讲着什么。Bill Clinton was hard to miss in the autumn of 1970. He arrived at Yale Law School looking more like a Viking than a Rhodes Scholar returning from two years at Oxford. He was tall and handsome somewhere beneath that reddish brown beard and curly mane of hair. He also had a vitality that seemed to shoot out of his pores. When I first saw him in the law schools student lounge, he was holding forth before a rapt audience of fellow student.2 在比尔讲述这段事情的版本中 他说他当时都想不起来自己叫什么名字了。The way bill tells the story, he couldnt remember his own name.3 直到现在我还常为他敏捷的思维和恰如其分的用词，以及他如何能够将要表达的思想说得那么动听而感到惊讶不已。To this day, he can astonish me with the connections he weaves between ideas and words and how he makes it all sound like music.4、我首先注意到的是比尔的手的形状。他的手腕不粗手指修长而灵巧，就像一双钢琴家或外科医生的手。学生时代我们第一次见面时，我就喜欢他用手翻书的样子。如今他的手已因成千上万次的握手,打高尔夫球和无数次的签名而增添了岁月的痕迹。它们和他们的主人一样虽经历风雨却依然充满表现力,魅力与活力。One of the first things I noticed about Bill was the shape of his hands. His wrists are narrow and his fingers tapered and deft, like those of a pianist or a surgeon. When we first met as students, I loved watching him turn the papes of a book. Now his hands are showing signs of age after thousands of handshakes and golf swings and miles of signatures. They are, like their owner, weathered but still expressive, attractive and resilient.5 我还不知道自己将来会住在哪里和要做什么，因为我在儿童权益促进和民权方面的兴趣尚未为我指明一条明确的道路。I still didnt know where I would live and what I would do because my interests in child advocacy and civil rights didnt dictate a particular path.6 一想到能够驾车穿梭在南方各州之间来说服民主党人既支持麦克戈文，又反对尼克松的越战政策就使他非常激动。The prospect of driving from one southern state to another convincing democrats both to support McGovern and to oppose Nixons policy in Vietnam excited him。7 尽管我们都获得了学生贷款，但是我们俩还是不得不打些工来完成法学院的学习。We both had to work to pay our way through law school,on top of the student loans we had taken out.Oval1. What made Hillary think Bill Clinton was more like a Viking than a Rhodes Scholar returning from two years at Oxford when he arrived at Yale Law School in 1970? He was tall and handsome somewhere beneath that reddish brown beard and curly mane of hair. He also had a vitality that seemed to shoot out of his pores. And he was very talkative.2. As President of the United States, Bill Clinton was famous for his eloquence. He delivered many important and famous speeches. Find(in the text)as much evidence as you can to prove Bill Clintons eloquence.1) When Hillary first saw Bill in the law schools student lounge, he was holding forth before a rapt audience of fellow students.2) Bill talked their way in the Yale Art Gallery. This showed his persuasiveness in action.3) When Bill came to Hillarys rescue with chicken soup and orange juice, he conversed about anything-from African politics to country and western music.4) To this day, Bill can astonish Hillary with the connections he weaves between ideas and how he makes it all sound like music.5) When Hillary was looking for Bill, a customer sitting nearby spoke up, saying,“He was here for a long time reading, and I started talking to him about books. I dont know his name, but hes going to be President someday.6) At the long lunch, Bill eventually persuaded Barbieri to endorse McGovern.7) Bill really won Hillarys mother over when he found her reading a philosophy book from one of her college courses and spent an hour or so discussing it with her.3. What is the general idea of this part of Hillarys autobiography Living History? It tells how Hillary and Bill Clinton met and began their love life.4. Try to find the version that Bill Clinton tells the story about how he and Hillary met and fell in love with each other.Lesson 61 小约翰福布斯纳什数学天才、|理性行为理论的缔造者、预见思想机器出现的预言家已经和来访者，也是一位数学家，共坐了将近半个小时。John Forbes Nash, Jr.-mathematical genius, inventor of a theory of rational behavior, visionary of the thinking machine-had been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour.2 他一直目光呆滞地盯着哈佛教授乔治麦克恩左脚前方不远的地方，除了一次次重复着将垂在前额的略长的黑发拨开的动作，他几乎一动不动。He had been staring dully at a spot immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey，hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion.3 在未来十年，在那既以对人类理性抱有无尚信念而著称，又以对人类生存怀有无尽忧虑而闻名的十年，纳什，用知名几何学家米克哈尔 格罗莫夫的话说，证明了自己是20世纪后半叶最杰出的数学家。Over the next decade, a decade as notable for its supreme faith in human rationality as for its dark anxieties about mankinds survival, Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century”.4数学家保罗哈莫斯写道，天才“分为两种：一种就像我们大家一样，只是更为出色；另一种则是那些明显具备超凡人类灵感的人。我们都能跑步，有些人还能在四分钟内跑完一英里；但是我们所做的一切无论如何也无法与创作出G小调赋格曲相提并论。”纳什的天分就属于那种常与音乐和艺术而非与最古老的科学紧密相连的神奇异禀。Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue”. Nashs genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences.5 他具有一种难以抑制的理性，希望将生活中的决定是搭乘第一部电梯还是等待下一部，到哪里存钱接受什么样的工作是否结婚*都转化为利弊得失的计算，转化为完全脱离感情、习俗和传统的算法法则或数学规则。Compulsively rational, he wished to turn lifes decisions-whether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry-into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition.6 他一贯冷漠，但一时兴起也会喋喋不休地谈论外太空和地缘政治趋势，或做出孩子般的恶作剧，或者毫无征兆地勃然大怒。这些情感的迸发总是和他的沉默一样神秘莫测。他和我们不一样。是人们常说的一句话。His remoteness was punctuated by flights of garrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends，childish pranks，and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were，more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences. “He is not one of us” was a constant refrain。7 纳什对于人类竞争动态变化的洞察他的理性竞争与合作理论将会成为20世纪最具影响的思想理论之一.这一理论改变着新兴的经济学，其作用无异于孟德尔的基因遗传，达尔文的自然选择模式和牛顿的天体力学再造了当时的生物学和物理学。Nashs insight into the dynamics of human rivalry-his theory of rational conflict and cooperation-was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendels ideas of genetic transmission, Darwins model of natural selection, and Newtons celestial mechanics reshaped biology and physics in their day.Oval1 .What was Nashs view on extraterrestrials? He believed that extraterrestrials were sending him messages and that he was being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world. According to Nash, the ideas he had about supernatural beings came to him the same way that his mathematical ideas did. So he took them seriously.2. How are geniuses defined according to the text? What category does Nash belong to? Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue. Nashs genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences: It wasnt merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were non-rational: he saw the vision first; constructing the laborious proofs long afterward.3. What are the paradoxes you find in Nash, based on the text?1) Nash was a mathematician, a man devoted to reasoning and logical proof, but he believed in extraterrestrials.2) Nash was compulsively rational, he wished to turn lifes decisions-whether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry-into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition, but his intuition was non-rational. Nash saw the vision first; constructing the laborious proofs long afterward.3) Nash was known for his remoteness and silence, but there were occasions such as garrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences.4) Nash as a person was difficult to understand, but his ideas were quite popular.4. Sum up Nashs achievements and his contribution to the world.Achievements: Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century. In 1958, Fortune singled Nash out for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics.Contribution: His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions. And he did contribute, in a big way. Nashs insight into the dynamics of human rivalry-his theory of rational conflict and cooperation-was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendels ideas of genetic transmission, Darwins model of natural selection, and Newtons celestial mechanics reshaped biology and physics in their day.5. What do you think of John Nash?6. What do you know about Nashs game theory?Lesson 71 今年圣诞时节，人们困惑惶恐，内心无法宁静，外部没有和平。无论身置何处，恐慌昼夜萦绕于胸，无论走到哪里，战争的阴霾时时笼罩天空。我们这个世界已烟卷了战争，无论何处都危机四伏。各位教友，即便如此，我们不能把祈求和平、善待众人的基督圣训视作不切实际的虔诚美梦。This Christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race. We have neither peace within nor peace without. Everywhere paralyzing fears harrow people by day and haunt them by night. Our world is sick war; everywhere we turn we see its ominous possibilities. And yet, my friends, the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be dismissed as a kind of pious dream of some utopian.2 如果不能友善待人，我们所有和所能必将由于使用不当而使我们走向自我毁灭。历史的经验告诉我们，战争早已过时。曾几何时，战争或有以毒攻毒之效，可以遏制邪恶势力的蔓延与发展，然而正是现代战争利器的巨大破坏力，使它再不能被视作匡扶邪恶的正义之举。If we dont have goodwill toward men in this world, we will destroy ourselves by the misuse of our own instruments and our own power. Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is obsolete. There may have been a time when war served as a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare eliminates even the possibility that war may any longer serve as a negative good.3 现在，我首先要说的是，要想世界和平，我们就必须忠于芸芸，而不是忠于一隅。我们的忠心必须超越我们的种族和部落，超越我们的阶层和国家；这就意味着我们必须放眼世界。Now let me suggest first that if we are to have peace on earth, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. Our loyalties must transcend our race, our tribe, our class, and our nation; and this means we must develop a world perspective.4 其次，我呼吁，要实现世界和平，所有众人、所有国家必须坚守非暴力信念，坚信目的、手段必须互渗互连。手段与目的的关系一直是历史上颇有争议的重大哲学问题。总有人认为只要目的正确，可以不择手段，重要的是要达到目的。Now let me say, secondly, that if we are to have peace in the world, men and nations must embrace the nonviolent affirmation that ends and means must cohere. One of the great philosophical debates of history has been over the whole question of means and ends. And there have always been those who argued that the end justifies the means, that the means really arent important. The important thing is to get to the end, you see.5 再之，我要说，若想世界和平、世人和睦，必须以非暴力申明所有人的生命都是神圣的。每个人都很重要，因为他们都是上帝之子，因此，我们说“勿杀生”，是指人的生命是神圣的，不应在战场上被轻易夺走。人的生命远非旋转电子构成的奇妙之物，也不是无尽燃烧的焖火中升起的一缕轻烟。Now let me say that the next thing we must be concerned about if we are to have peace on earth and goodwill toward men is the nonviolent affirmation of the sacredness of all human life. Every man is the somebody because he is a child of God. And so when we say ” Thou shall not kill, ” were really saying that human life is too sacred to be taken on the battlefields of the world. Man is more than a tiny vagary of whirling electrons or wisp of smoke from a limitless smoldering.Oval1. According to King, why is peace on earth a more urgent question in our time than in the past? How is the idea of nonviolence related to this urgency?Because people find themselves rather bewildered in this Christmas season. They feel no peace and tranquility but haunting fears in their inner heart. War is likely to break out at any moment. Some people may even dismiss the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. Therefore, peace on earth becomes a more urgent question in our time than in the past. Some may argue that war served as a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare eliminates even the possibility that war may any longer serve as a negative good. Thus, war and violence should give way to nonviolent means for peace on earth.2. What are the three conditions King suggests as essential to peace among men? How does he explain and illustrate each condition?If we are to have peace on earth, first, our loyalties must b