知识解-高考总复习：句子成分及基本类型.doc

高考总复习：句子成分及基本类型 真题再现1. We live in an age _ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. whyB. whenC. to whomD. on which2. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.A. which B. who C. where D. what3. As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _ suits you best.A whateverB. whichever C. wheneverD. wherever4. It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.A. how B. which C. that D. what5. There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, _?A. is thereB. isnt thereC. is heD. isnt he6. Before you quit your job, _how your family would feel about your decision.A. consider B. considering C. to consider D. considered答案与解析：1. B。分析从句成分，“主系表”结构完整，when只能代替先行词(at) an age在从句中做时间状语，修饰先行词an age（时代）。此处的when=at which。2. B。在非限制性定语从句中缺主语， 只能用关系代词who代替先行词people在从句中作主语。3. B。所填词引导的从句做动词choose的宾语，引导词在从句中做主语，意思是“无论哪件”，选B。C、D选项只能在句中作状语， 题干中已有“five courses”，排除A项。4. D。此处it是形式主语，what引导的是主语从句，作真正的主语。What作do的宾语。句意：总统采取什么行动结束这次罢工一点也不清楚。5. A。根据前面there be 句里含有否定意义的词little，所以反意疑问句用肯定形式，其主谓应与陈述部分的主谓保持一致，故选A项。6. A。结合选项来分析句子结构，逗号前为时间状语从句，后面实际上是一个祈使句，缺少谓语。由此可知，A选项符合题意。知识讲解句子成分的定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。主语表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。 Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。（名词做主语）He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院。（代词做主语）Three plus four is seven. 三加四等于七。（数词做主语）To see is to believe. 眼见为实。（动词不定式做主语）Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟。（动名词做主语）Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他们来不来取决于天气。（从句做主语）谓语 说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 由系动词加表语构成。We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。表语 表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，位于连系动词之后，与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。 Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours? （代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty-one? （数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing football.（动名词）The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。He is a teacher. 持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand.He always kept silent at meeting.表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look.He seems (to be) very sad.感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, tasteThis kind of cloth feels very soft. 变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, runThe rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.宾语 宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 She covered her face with her hands. 她用双手蒙住脸。（名词短语作宾语）We havent seen her for a long time. 我们好长时间没看到她了。（代词作宾语）Do you mind opening the window? 打开窗户你介意吗？（动名词短语作宾语）Give me four please. 请给我四个。（数词作宾语）He wants to dream a nice dream. 他想做一个好梦。（动词不定式短语作宾语）We need to know what others are doing. 我们需要了解其他人都在干什么。（从句作宾语）I lived in Japan in 1986. 我1986年住在日本。（名词和数词作介词的宾语） 双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lend me your dictionary, please.后接to的有：write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等。He sent the novel to William yesterday.后接for的有：leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等。She bought a gift for her mother.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等。下列动词只能接动名词做宾语：admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等。下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同：stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。宾语补足语 用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：“某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）”。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语，what从句作宾补相当于名词。 His father named him Dongming. （名词）They painted their boat white. （形容词）Let the fresh air in. （副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短语）We saw her entering the room. （分词短语）We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now. （what从句）定语 对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。 They are women workers.（名词作定语）Toms father didnt write home until yesterday.（所有格名词作定语）Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.（形容词作定语）The play has three acts.（数词作定语）This is her first trip to Europe.（代词、数词和介词短语作定语）China is a developing country.（现在分词作定语）You havent kept your promise to write us often.（动词不定式短语作定语）My cat has a good nose for milk.（介词短语作定语）Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.（从句作定语） 状语 用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。These products are selling quickly. （副词作状语）He is knee deep in snow.（名词作状语）The best fish swim near the bottom.（介词短语作地点状语）She sat there doing nothing.（现在分词短语作伴随状语）Well send a car over to fetch you.（动词不定式短语作目的状语）She was slow to make up her mind.（动词不定式短语作状语）Strike while the iron is hot.（从句作时间状语） 位置：修饰动词时，通常放在所修饰的动词之后或句末。The girls are singing happily.He runs fast.为了强调可放句首。Over the river there is a new bridge.When I came, they were doing their homework.In front of the building, there is a big tree.Sometimes, often, always, usually, ever）, already, also, even, almost, never，hardly, seldom . 一般放在助动词(am, is, are, was, were; do, does, did; have, has; shall, will; should, would)及他们的否定式、情态动词之后，其他动词之前。He is often late for class.He has never been there.He doesnt always finish his homework.He also knows the answer.He even wants to do it himself.同位语若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.插入语与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。Hes a nice person, to be sure.To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.基本句型一、 主谓 此类句型中句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。主语谓语TimeWe allEverybodyITheyHeHe They flies.eat and drink.laughed.woke.talked for half an hour.walked yesterday.is playinghave gone. 基本句型二、 主系表 句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, feel, smell, taste, sound等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn, go等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义：stay, prove, remain, stand. 主语系动词表语 This The dinnerHe EverythingHe The book The weather His face is smells(闻)fell looks is is becameturned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall and strong. interesting.warmer. red. 基本句型三、主谓宾句中谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。主语 实义动词 宾语 1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 4. He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good morning. 基本句型四、主谓间宾直宾 此句型中谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，介词往往被省略。主语及物动词间接宾语（多指人）直接宾语（多指物）SheShe He He I I I He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress. a delicious meal. a dictionary. nothing. my pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. that the bus was late. 基本句型五、主谓宾宾补 本句型中动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。主语及物宾语宾补We TheyThey TheyWhat We He I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. There be 句型There be 结构是英语中陈述事物客观存的常用句型，表示“有”，其确切含义是“存在”there 作为引导词，本身没有意义，用动词be的某些形式作为谓语动词，它的主语是用一些表示泛指或不定特指的名词词组，动词be和 主语的数必须一致。句子最后通常为表示地点和时间的状语。因此要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候常用“There be + 名词+ 地点（时间）这一句型。There is a great Italian deli across the street. There are some students in the dormitory. 1. 主谓一致：若there be只有一个主语，谓语的数则取决于该主语的数；若有几个主语并列，则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致。There is a bus stop close to the school. There is a pen and some books on the desk. 2. 时态问题：there be结构的时态由其中的谓语动词be来体现，它可以有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时以及过去完成时等多种时态形式。There has been no rain this week. There will be something you can enjoy. 3. 连用情态动词：there be结构有时可以与情态动词连用，此时情态动词应放在there与be之间。There might still be hope. 4. there be的变体：有时根据句子的需要，我们也可将there be中的动词be 换为 live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand, lie, come等。 There comes a bus. There remained just thirty pounds. There seems to be something wrong here. At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. there be结构的非谓语形式有两种，即there being和there to be。1. there being结构：在句子中主要用作状语。There being nothing to do, I went to bed. 这类结构有时可与状语从句转换，也可作如下改写：As there was nothing to do, I went to bed.另外，there being结构还可用作介词宾语。Whats the chance of there being an election this