高中语法重难点汇总.doc

2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 1 of 75 高中英语语法重点难点回顾高中英语语法重点难点回顾 主谓一致常考难题 Five minutes is enough to do this exercise Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future More than one student has seen the film Many a ship has been damaged in the storm More members than one are against your plan 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时 谓语通常用复数形式 glasses clothes trousers shoes compasses chopsticks scissors 等 但如果主语用 a kind of a pair of a series of 等加名词构成时 谓语动词一般用单数形式 A pair of shoes was on the desk 并列主语如果指的是同一个人 同一事物或同一概念时 谓语动词用单数形式 这时 and 后面的 名词没有冠词 例如 Truth and honesty is the best policy The girl s teacher and friend is a young doctor To love and to be loved is the great happiness Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit A knife and fork is on the table 当主语后面跟有 as well as as much as no less than along with with like rather than together with but except besides including in addition to 等引导的词组时 其谓语动词的单 复数按主语的单 复数而定 例如 The teacher as well as the students was excited The room with its furniture was rented A great number of 修饰可数复数名词 谓语动词用复数 a great deal of a large amount of 修 饰不可数名词 其短语作主语时 谓语动词用单数 关系代词 who that which 等在定语从句中作主语时 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致 例如 Those who want to go please sign your names here Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun 季节 月份 星期 节日 假日 一日三餐 学科名称 球类 棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词 1 2 one a half 1 4 one a quarter 形容词的顺序 系动词 be grow get become feel appear prove seem look keep smell taste sound turn remain 限定词 数量形容词 序数词在前 基数词在后 性状形容词 大小 长短 高低 等形体 新旧 颜色 国藉 材料 Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table 某些以 a 开首的形容词例如 afraid alike alone asleep awake alive 等只能作表语 不能 作定语 某些以 ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词 friendly lively lovely lonely likely deadly silly orderly timely 等 1 close 接近地 closely 仔细地 密切地 2 free 免费地 freely 自由地 无拘束地 3 hard 努力地 hardly 几乎不 4 late 晚 迟 lately 近来 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 2 of 75 5 most 极 非常 mostly 主要地 6 wide 广阔地 充分地 widely 广泛地 7 high 高 highly 高度地 非常地 8 deep 深 迟 deeply 抽象意义的 深 9 loud 大声地 loudly 大声地 含有喧闹的意思 10 near 邻近 nearly 几乎 bad ill badly worse worst little less least 表示一方不及另一方时 用 less 原级 than 的结构表示 This room is less beautiful than that one 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时 可在比较级前加表示程度的状语 如 even a lot a bit a little still much far yet by far 等修饰 He works even harder than before 注意 by far 通常用于强调最高级 用于比较级时 一般放在比较级的后面 如放在前面 应在二者 中间加 the He is taller by far than his brother He is by far the taller of the two brothers 某些以 or 结尾的形容词进行比较时 用 to 代替 than superior junior senior 等 He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics 在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用 that those one ones 代替前面出现的名词 that 指物 one 既可指人 也可指物 that 可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词 而 one 只能代替可数名词 例如 The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型 A is three four etc times the size height length width etc of B The new building is four times the size the height of the old one 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大 四倍高 高三倍 A is three four etc times as big high long wide etc as B Asia is four times as large as Europe 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大 A is three four etc times bigger higher longer wider than B 例如 Your school is three times bigger than ours 你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍 表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double 表示 最高程度 的形容词 如 excellent extreme perfect 等 没有最高级 也不能用比较 级 如果复数名词前有 many few 不可数名词前有 much little 等表示量的形容词时 该用 so 而 不用 such 如 I ve had so many falls that I m black and blue all over Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together 但 little 不表示数量而表示 小 的意思时 仍用 such 如 They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves 6 almost 与 nearly 在 very pretty not 后用 nearly 不用 almost 例如 I m not nearly ready 在 any no none never 前用 almost 不用 nearly 例如 I almost never see her need 表示 需要 或 必须 作情态动词时 仅用于否定句或疑问句中 在肯定句中一般用 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 3 of 75 must have to ought to 或 should 代替 例如 You needn t come so early Need I finish the work today Yes you must 注意 needn t have done 表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事 例如 You needn t have waited for me should have done 表示应该做到而实际上没有做到 You should have started earlier ought to have done 表示过去应做某事而实际未做 You ought to have helped him but you didn t 书报的标题 小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时 表示感觉 愿望和状态的某些动词如 have be hear see like 等词一般不用进行时 有些动词形式上是主动结构 但表示被动的意思 常见的有可和 well easily 等副词连用的不及 物动词 sell wash write read clean cook 等 例如 The cloth washes well 这布很经洗 The new product sells well 这新产品很畅销 The pen writes well 这支笔很好写 在动词 arrange command demand desire insist order propose request require suggest 等 后面的宾语从句中用 should 动词原形 虚拟语气 例如 We suggested that we should have a meeting We insisted that they should go with us The doctor ordered that she should stay in bed for a few days He demanded that we should start right away 作 advice idea order demand plan proposal suggestion request 等名词的表语从句和同位语从 句 其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构 should 动词原形 例如 We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Beijing for sightseeing My idea is that we should do exercises first 在 feel hear notice observe see watch have let make 等词后的补足语中 不定式不带 to 但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时 就必须带 to 例如 I often hear him sing the song He is often heard to sing the song 注意 不定式动词在介词 but except besides 后面时 如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do 的各种 形式 那么 这些介词后的不定式不带 to 否则要带 to 如 She could do nothing but cry What do you like to do besides swim I have no choice but to go 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点 工具 等 不定式后面须有相应的介词 例如 He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with There It is no use good not any use good useless doing sth 动词后可以用动名词作宾语 但不能用不定式 admit appreciate avoid consider delay enjoy escape excuse feel like finish forgive give up imagine include keep mention mind miss practise put off resist risk suggest can t help can t stand 无法忍受 等 I tried not to go there 我设法不去那里 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 4 of 75 I tried doing it again 我试着又干了一次 mean to do 有意 mean doing 意味着 I mean to come early today 我打算今天早些来 Missing the train means waiting for another hour 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时 allow advise forbid permit We don t allow smoking here We don t allow students to smoke 动词 need require want 作 需要 解 其后跟动词作它的宾语时 若表示的含义是被动的 必须用 动名词 或不定式的被动式 例如 The window needs requires wants cleaning to be cleaned 在短语 devote to look forward to pay attention to stick to be used to object to thank you for excuse me for 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式 I look forward to hearing from you soon Badly polluted the water cannot be drunk 原因 Being written in haste the composition is full of mistakes 原因 强调写的过程 故应用现在分词一般被动式 Having been deserted by his guide he couldn t find his way through the jungle 为了强调已完 成的动作 Asked to stay I couldn t very well refuse 这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked 也可能意味着 when since I was asked 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义 下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同 所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词 的现在分词完成被动式 例如 Covered with confusion I left the room 我很窘地离开了房间 United we stand divided we fall 团结则存 分裂则亡 He used to live in London use d n t he didn t he There used to be a cinema here before the war use d n t there didn t there Such things ought not to be allowed ought they He ought to be punished oughtn t he 但在正式文体中 用 ought we not 形式 例如 We ought to go ought we not 或 We ought to go should we not 含有情态动词 must 的句子表示推则 作 想必 解时 疑问部分不可用 mustn t 若前句强调对现 在情况的推测 疑问部分用 aren t isn t 十主语 例如 You must be tired aren t you 若陈述部分的 must 表示 有必要 时 附加疑问句部分则用 needn t 例如 You must go home right now needn t you 当 mustn t 表示禁止时 附加疑问部分一般用 must 如 You mustn t walk on grass must you 前句谓语动词是 must have 过去分词时 若前句强调对过去情况的推测 一般有过去时间状语 疑问部分的谓语动词用 didn t 主语 若前句强调动作的完成 疑问部分的谓语动词用 haven t hasn t 主语 例如 He must have met her yesterday didn t he You must have seen the film haven t you 陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时 前缀或后缀 疑问部分仍用否定结构 例如 He is unfit for his office isn t he 如果陈述部分包含有 no never hardly seldom few little nowhere nothing 等否定或半否定词 时 疑问部分用肯定形式 例如 He is hardly 14 years old is he 如果陈述部分的主语为 everyone someone no one 等不定代词 其疑问部分的主语可用 he 也可 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 5 of 75 用 they Everyone knows his job doesn t he Everyone knows their job don t they No one was hurt were they I m late aren t I One can t be too careful can one you Have a cup of tea will you Let s go there shall we Let us go there will you 同位语从句跟在名词后面 进一步说明该名词的具体内容 引导同位语从句的名词主要有 fact news promise idea truth 等 连接词用 that 不用 which 及连接副词 how when where why 等 例如 His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway The news that our team has won the match is true She asked the reason why there was a delay 关联词只能用 whether 不能用 if 表示 是否 的情况如下 A 在表语从句和同位语从句中 例如 The question is whether the film is worth seeing The news whether our team has won the match is unknown B 在主语从句中 只有用 it 作形式主语时 whether 和 if 都能引导主语从句 否则 也只能用 whether 例如 Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn t been decided yet It hasn t been decided whether if we shall attend the meeting C 在介词之后 介词往往可以省略 例如 It all depends on whether they will support us D 后面直接跟动词不定式时 He doesn t know whether to stay or not E 后面紧接 or not 时 We didn t know whether or not she was ready F 引导让步状语从句 只能用 whether Whether you like it or not you must do it well G 用 if 会引起歧义时 例如 Please let me know if you like it 该句有两个意思 请告诉我你是否喜欢 或 如果你喜欢 请告诉我 用了 whether 就可以避免 在下面几种情况下必须用 that 引导定语从句 1 先行词是不定代词 all few little much something nothing anything 等 All that we have to do is to practise every day 2 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰 The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten 3 先行词被 all any every each few little no some 等修饰 I have read all the book that you gave me 4 先行词被 the only the very the same the last 修饰时 He is the only person that I want to talk to 5 先行词既有人又有物时 They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school 先行词是表示地点时 要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的 如果是及物的就用 that which 否则用 where This is the house where he lived last year 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 6 of 75 This is the house that which he visited last year 用 no sooner than 和 hardly when 引导的从句表示 刚 就 主句中的动词一般用 过去完成时 从句用过去时 而且主句一般倒装 把助动词 had 提到前面 例如 Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise 代词作主语时 主谓语序不变 Here it is Here he comes 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装 South of the city lies a big steel factory From the valley came a frightening sound 表语置于句首时 倒装结构为 表语 连系动词 主语 Present at the meeting were Professor White Professor Smith and many other guests Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people Among the goods are Christmas trees flowers candles and toys He has been to Beijing So have I Li Wei can t answer the question Neither can I 部分倒装 用于省略 if 的虚拟条件状语从句 Had you reviewed your lessons you might have passed the examination 3 用于 形容词 或名词 动词 as though 引导的让步状语从句中 例如 Pretty as she is she is not clever Try as he would he might fail again 如果从句的表语是名词 其名词前不加任何冠词 Child as he was he had to make a living 用于 no sooner than hardly when 和 not until 的句型中 Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework 用于 never hardly seldom scarcely barely little often at no time not only not once 等词开头的 句子 Never shall I do this again Little did he know who the woman was 6 用于以 only 开头的句子 only 修饰副词 介词短语或状语从句时 Only this afternoon did I finish the novel Only in this way can you master English Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in 如果 only 后面的词组不是状语 则不用倒装 Only Wang Ling knows this 用于某些表示祝愿的句子 May you succeed 祝你成功 stomach stomachs a German three Germans an American two Americans man cook men cooks papers 报纸 文件 manners 礼貌 drinks 饮料 in a word 简言之 in other words 换句话说 have words with 与某人吵嘴 have a few words a word with sb 与某人说几句话 The crowd were running for their lives 某些集体名词 如 people police cattle 等 只当复数看待 谓语动词必须用复数 The police are searching for 介词 关系代词考点 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 7 of 75 介词 关系代词 引导的定语从句是英语语法中的难点和重点 近年来高考对这一语法结构的考查大有升温之势 为便于 同学们学习掌握 笔者扼要地对它的几种考查热点进行了归纳和解析 希望同学们能举一反三 加以掌握并运用 考点 1 简单介词 关系代词 知识归纳 用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用 whom 指物时只能用 which 介词选择的依据主要是根据从句中的动词 形容词 名词与介词的固定搭配而定 或者以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定 或者以先行词在定语从句中的作 用和含义而定 并且含有介词的短语动词不能拆开 介词仍然放在动词之后 高考考例 1 2004 全国卷 The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months the sailing time was 226 days A of which B during which C from which D for which 解析 关系代词 which 指代 the journey 定语从句恢复为独立的句子是 The sailing time of the journey was 226 days 故 答案选 A 2 2004 全国卷 The English play my students acted at the New Year s party was a great success A for which B at which C in which D on which 解析 本句主句部分应是 The English play at the New Year s party was a great success 从句补全为独立的句子是 My students acted in the play 故答案选 C 3 2004 上海卷 American women usually identify their best friend as someone they can talk frequently A who B as C about which D with whom 解析 先行词为 someone 被关系代词 whom 代替在从句中作 talk with 的宾语 介词 with 可以放在关系代词之前 identify as 意为 把 当作 故答案选 D 考点 2 复杂介词 关系代词 知识归纳 用于此结构的关系代词有 which whom whose 常用于该结构的复杂介词有 as a result of at the back of because of by means of for want of in front of in case of on account of 等 例如 We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden Is there a certain test by means of which the No 1 will be decided 考点 3 简单介词 关系代词 名词 知识归纳 用于此结构的关系代词有 which whose 介词的选择取决于关系代词后的名词及整个句子的含义 高考考例 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 8 of 75 1995 上海 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5 30 p m time many people have gone home A whose B that C on which D by which 解析 介词 by 表示时间的意思是 到那时为止 这句话的意思是 在办公室里 我似乎直到下午 5 30 才有空 那时许 多人都已经回家了 故答案选 D 考点 4 the 名词 of 关系代词 知识归纳 用于此结构的关系代词只有 which 该结构表示所有关系 口语中常用 whose 名词 代替 非正式文体中可 以用 of which the 名词 高考考例 2000 上海 Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase was very reasonable A which price B the price of which C its price D the price of whose 解析 答案选 B 本题就是一个考查 the 名词 of 关系代词结构的一个典型例子 这里 the price of which 指代 the price of the vase 答案也可以是 whose price 考点 5 表示部分的词语 of 关系代词 知识归纳 此时 指人的关系代词只能是 whom 指物的关系代词只能是 which 表示部分的词语常见的有 不定代词 all both none neither either some any 数词 含基数词 序数词 分数和百分数 数词 名词 the 最高级 比较级 以及表示 数目或数量的词语 many most few several enough half a a quarter 高考考例 1 2004 湖北卷 There are two buildings stands nearly a hundred feet high A the larger B the larger of them C the larger one that D the larger of which 解析 答案为 D the larger of which 指代 the larger of the two buildings B 选项缺少一个连词 2 2004 辽宁卷 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year 80 are sold abroad A of which B which of C of them D of that 解析 答案为 A 80 of which 指代的是 80 of the shoes 本题意为 这家工厂每年生产的 50 万双鞋子有 80 都是销往 国外的 备考练习 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 9 of 75 1 Yesterday Mr Li finally bought his own house is a hospital A in where B to the east of which C to the east of it D in the east of that 2 My brother s purse he put 1 000 was missing on the bus A there B which C in which D that 3 The football match the students competed yesterday was very wonderful A in which B which C in that D that 4 The reason he was late again was that he was caught in a traffic jam in the rush hour A which B in which C for which D of which 5 His glasses he could see nothing was taken away by a naughty boy A which B without which C with which D without those 6 The computer he paid 3 000 was once owned by his uncle A which B for which C that D to that 7 In the past we lost many chances we paid little attention A which B that C in which D to which 8 The pen I had been writing for ten years was broken A with which B with that C as D with it 9 Mary has two brothers are doctors A both of they B both of whom C both of them D whom of both 10 The problem you argued about yesterday has been solved A that B what C why D for which 11 My aunt bought me a book the name I have forgotten A of it B which C whose D of which 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 10 of 75 12 On the way home I met my friend John from home the thief had stolen a computer A whom B which C that D whose 13 I hate the way you talk to your mother A by which B on which C in which D which 14 At last we found the hole in the wall the mouse got into the house last night A in which B which C through which D by which 15 There are three girls in the room is Tom s sister A the tallest of which B the tallest of whom C tallest of that D tallest of which 16 I ll never forget the day I bought my own guitar with my own money A where B on which C on when D that 17 She is just the girl with my brother came to visit me last month A whom B her C that D who 18 Last night we saw two movies was interesting A both of which B neither of which C both of them D neither of them 19 This is the house in I was born thirty years ago A it B there C which D that 20 The reason for he failed in the exam was that he was too careless A which B why C that D it Key 2020 1 12滨河中学高三英语复习资料 01 15harryysz Z FileRoot FileRoot 1 20150316 2020 1 12 9a402c8f f159 4ede 990d 00def8fdf01f ddd1096503311bdba2c42b9aa61699d6 pdfPage 11 of 75 1 5 BCACB 6 10 BDABA 11 15 DDCCB 16 20 BABCA it 的用法与高考 在高考单项填空试题的选项中 it 是出现频率较高的词汇之一 下面针对近十年高考中涉及到 it 的题目进行分 类解析 一 作为正确项的 it 1 I like in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright 2004 全国卷 I A thisB thatC itD one 2 I hate when people talk with their mouths full NMET 1998 A it B thatC theseD them 解析 在 I like love hate it when 这个结构中 it 是形式宾语 真正的宾语是 when 从句所描述的某种 情形 句意分别是 1 我喜欢秋天晴朗的天气