英语词汇学幻灯片文稿.doc

An Introduction to the Course词汇学 = 学词汇 ?Concept of systemdefinitionclassificationcriterion A system of transportationRoad transport: car bus truck Transport: railway transport express trai trough train shuttle train Shipping steamboat tugboat ocean liner civil aviation seaplane helicopterThe system of language Pronunciation: vowel consonant Language: word sentence meaning styleThe system of linguisticsLinguistics: phonetics lexicology syntax semantics stylisticsThe system of lexicologylexicology :definition structure and formation motivation semantic feature change of meaning semantic classification association and collocation English idioms American Englishdictionaries The system of lexicology definition structure and formation motivation semantic feature mothball change of meaning semantic classification association and collocation English idioms American English dictionaries An Introduction to the Course*Linguistics and Lexicology* Aim* ApproachesLinguistics and lexicology* Linguistics is the scientific study of a language.* Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language in respect to words and word equivalents.Aim * to acquire a systematic knowledge of English vocabulary, * to improve the ability to enlarge their personal vocabularies, * to choose the right words to use in a given context.Approaches synchronic diachronicsynchronican approach to the study at one period of timediachronican approach to the study of the change that took place over a period of timeThats the end of the introduction.Chapter OneA General Survey A general survey* Definition of a word* Sound and meaning * Meaning and concept* Word and lexical item* Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning* Word and vocabulary* Origin of wordsDefinition of a Word Generally speaking, a word is a unification of sounds, meaning and syntactic features, and is the fundamental structural unit of a sentence.Definition of a word sound mothball meaning syntactic featureSound and meaning * Naturalists:自然派* Conventionalists:习惯派 Naturalists an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense. Mum 妈妈Bow-wow 汪汪Quack 嘎嘎Conventionalists a kind of linguistic social contract English - meat Chinese - 肉 French - viande Italian carne Swedish - ktt Russian - mcoLexical meaning and grammatical meaning* the lexical meaning词汇意义 * the grammatical meaning语法意义 Lexical meaning and grammatical meaningI saw a saw saw a saw.Meaning and conceptWord concept referent referent Word conceptMeaning and concept* Concept: is the base of meaning.* Meaning: is the reflection of the concept in the language. *概念：词义的基础，思维单位，抽象概括的，*词义：概念在语言中的表现形式，语言范畴，抽象和具体Meaning and conceptThe automobile is a mixed blessing.The automobile was stalled in a storm.cop - policemanbuy off - bribeWord and lexical item* Words: the basic elements to form vocabulary * Lexical items: the units to form dictionaries Vocabulary and wordsBroadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary. Constitution of English vocabulary * native words *borrowed wordsNative wordsNative words: are the foundation and the core of the English Vocabulary.Features of native words* in structure: mostly monosyllabic words* in meaning: express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things* in grammar: include most parts of speechBorrowed wordsBorrowed words (loan words): are words taken from foreign languages.Origin of borrowed wordsDanish FrenchLatin GreekItalian SpanishArabic ChineseRussian Germansummary* Definition of a word* Sound and meaning * Meaning and concept* Word and lexical item* Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning* Word and vocabulary* Origin of wordsCHAPTER TWOThe Structure and Formation of WordsThe structure and formation of words*Morpheme* Classification of morphemes* Ways of word formationWarming upDivide the words into smaller forms. unfaithful denationalization contain receive airsick takeoffWarming upDivide the words into smaller forms. un + faith + ful con + tain re + ceive air + sick take + offMorpheme The smallest meaningful language unit.de+nation+al+iz+ationAllomorphsThe variants of the same morpheme in different conditions.Warming upWrite down the noun forms of the verbs.* invent* describe* justify; modernize* expand; decide; omitWarming up* invention* description* justification; modernization* expansion; decision; omissionClassification of morphemes: content morpheme grammatical morpheme Content morphemeThose that may constitute words by themselves, e.g. cat, walk, kind,teach.kindness, slowly, calledGrammatical morphemeThose that have to appear with at least one other morpheme, either bounded or free.kindness, slowly, calledClassification of morphemes content morpheme 实义形位 grammatical morpheme 语法形位 free morpheme 自由形位 bound morpheme 粘着形位 root 词根 affixes 词缀stemA stem is a main part of a word to which suffixes are added.stemAccording to Stephem Ullmann, words can be classified as*opaque words*transparent wordsopaque wordsWords that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analyzed into parts are called opaque words.axe, glovetransparent wordsWords that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words. work + able, door + man Ways of word-formation 1. Affixation 2. conversion3. Composition 4. blending5.backformation 6. shortening7. Abbreviation 8. coinage9. loan words 10. onomatopoeia 1. AffixationThe process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root. derivation-derivative prefixes -suffixes affixation:prefixation suffixationPrefixation* Negative prefixes* Reversative prefixes* Pejorative prefixes* Prefixes of degree or size* Prefixes of attitude* Locative prefixes* Prefixes of time and order* Number prefixesNegative Prefixes* a(n)- not, without * un- the opposite of, not * non- not * in- the opposite of * dis- reverse, opposite Negative Prefixes* a(n)- not, without amoral: not concerned with moralaseptic: free from bacteriaatheism: disbelief in the existence of Godasymmetry:lack of symmetryanarchy: absence of government or controlNegative Prefixes*un- the opposite of, notunhip: not hip, outmodedunrest: lack of calmnessunwasteful: not wastefulunleaded: not leadedunbook: a book which is not bought to be used, but to be given as a presentNegative Prefixes*non- notnonfree: without freedomnonempty: not emptynongreen: not greennon-black: white studentsnon-hero: anti-heroNegative Prefixes*in- the opposite ofinconsistent: not in harmony withilliterate: unable to read and writeillogical: without logicimbalanced: not balancedimpolitic: not well-judged, not wiseirrelevant: not relatedirregular: not regularNegative Prefixes*dis- notdisjoint: lacking common membersdisbound: having come unbounddisaggregate: to break up or apartdisambiguate: to rid of ambiguitydiscancer: to deprive of cancerdisinformation: false informationReversative Prefixes* un- to reverse the action; to release from *de- to get rid of; to reverse the action*dis- to reverse the actionReversative Prefixes*un- to reverse the action to release fromunpack: to remove from a containerundo: to unfasten what is tiedunhorse: to cause to fall from a horseunleash: to remove from a leashuncrate: to unpack out of a crateReversative Prefixes*de- to get rid of; to reverse the actionderegulate: to remove from regulationderecognize: to reverse a recognition deselect: to discharge during trainingdeplane: to get off a planedepollution: to the act of depollutingReversative Prefixes*dis- to reverse the actiondisconnect: to undo the connectiondisinfect: to clean to destroy bacteria discolored: becoming changed in colordiscontent: lack of contentmentdiscourtesy: impolitenessPejorative Prefixes* mal- bad, badly * mis- wrong; astray* pseudo- false; imitationPejorative Prefixes*mal- badly; badmaltreat: to treat roughly and cruellymaldeploy: to deploy faultily malfunction: a fault in operationmalformed: made or shaped badlymalodorous: having a bad smellPejorative Prefixes*mis- wrong; astraymiscode: to provide with a wrong codemisdial: to dial a wrong number misdiagnose: to diagnose incorrectlymisorient: to place in the wrong directionmisconception: understanding wronglyPejorative Prefixes*pseudo- false; imitationpseudoscience: pretended sciencepseudonym: an invented name pseudonymous: written or printed using a pseudonympseudoscientific: of pseudosciencePseudo-archaic: artificially archaic in stylePrefixes of degree or size* arch- * super- * out- * sur- * sub- * over- * under- * hyper- * ultra- * mini- * maxi- * midi- Prefixes of degree or size*arch- supreme; highest; worstarchenemy: chief enemyarchbishop: a priest in charge of churches archmonetarist: an extreme monetaristarch-dove: a principal figure of the dove groupPrefixes of degree or size*super- above; more than; better superjet: a supersonic jet aircraftsuperport: a very large portsupersecret: extremely secretsuperspeed: of great speedsuperhero: an ideal superior heroPrefixes of degree or size*out- better; faster; longer than outgrow: to grow more thanoutlive: to live longer thanoutrun: to run faster thanoutgun: to surpass in firepoweroutrank: to surpass in rankPrefixes of degree or size*sur- over and above surpass: to go beyond in amount or degreesurtax: an additional tax on high incomessurreal: bizarrely fantastic or fancifulsurveille: to keep under close watchsurview: a general view or considering of a place or conditionPrefixes of degree or size*sub- under; lower, less than subnormal: below normalsubhuman: less than humansubpar: being below parsubcenter: a secondary centersubsatellite: an artificial satellite launched from a larger orbiting satellitePrefixes of degree or size*over- too much overcapacity: excessive productive capacityoverchoice: too many choicesoverculture: a dominant cultureoverpermissive: allowing excessive freedomoveroccupied: too crowdedPrefixes of degree or size*under- too little underdevelop: to be less developedundertax: to tax insufficientlyundereducated: not normally educatedunderproduce: to produce less than the usual amountunderserviced: providing insufficiently with public servicePrefixes of degree or size*hyper- extra; especially hypercritical: too ready to see faultshypersensitive: unusually sensitivehyperaggressive: too aggressivehyperslow: too slowhypercharge: to superchargePrefixes of degree or size*ultra- beyond; extremely ultraviolet: beyond the purple end of the range of colorsultramarine: of a very bright blue colorultraright: extremely conservativeultraleft: extremely radicalultrasonography: the use of ultrasonic devices in detecting abnormalitiesPrefixes of degree or size*mini- little miniskirt: a skirt above the knees minibike: a small motorcycleministate: a very small countryminiwar: a small warminiradio: a small radioPrefixes of degree or size*maxi- large; long *midi- medium; medium-sized maxiskirt: a skirt reaching anklesmidibus: a medium-sized busPrefixes of attitude* co- with; together; through* counter- against, opposite * ant(i)- against * pro- for, in favor ofPrefixes of attitude*co- with; together; throughcom- (before-b), col- (before-l); con- (before-c, -f, -g); cor- (before-r)Prefixes of attitude*co- with; together; throughcombat: to fight against or withcombine: to come togethercolleague: a fellow workercoexistence: the state of existing togethercorrespondence: agreementPrefixes of attitude*counter- against; in opposition tocounteract: to lessen the effect ofcounterattack: oppose an enemy attackcounterclaim: an opposing claimcounterproductive: producing undesirable resultscountermeasure: a measure or action taken to counter or offset another one.Prefixes of attitude*anti- againstantitank: designed to destroy tanksantisocial: opposed to laws or societyantiwar: opposed to warantibacterial: against bacteriaanticlockwise: in the opposite direction to the hands of a clockPrefixes of attitude*pro- for; on the side ofpro-European: supporting unification of western European countriespro-Common Market: supporting European Economic CommunityLocative prefixes* super- over; above* sub- under; beneath; lesser in rank* inter- between, from one to another * trans- across, beyond Locative prefixes* super- over; above superstructure: the part of a building above the foundationsuperscript: written above and to the right of another symbolsuperlunary: beyond the moonLocative prefixes* sub- under; beneath; lesser in rank subway: an underground railwaysubmarine: a ship under watersubconscious: not fully conscioussubordinate: put in a position of less importantsubdivide: divide into smaller partsLocative prefixes* inter- between, from one to another international: concerning countriesinterstate: happening between statesintercom: intercommunication systemintermarry: become connected by marriageinterweave: weave togetherLocative prefixes* trans- across, beyond transatlantic: crossing the Atlantictransplant: move and planttransform: change in formtransoceanic: crossing an oceantransvertist: a person who dresses in the clothing of the opposite sexPrefixes of time and order* fore- before* pre- before * post- after * ex- former * re- again, repeatedly Prefixes of time and order* fore- beforeforetell: to tell what will happenforesee: know what is going to happenforesight: the ability to see futureforeknowledge: knowledge about something before it happensPrefixes of time and order* pre- before preconference: prior to the conferencepreliberation: before liberationprehistoric: before recorded historypresort: sort mail before deliveryprecancer: a precancerous conditionPrefixes of time and order*post- after post-liberation: after liberationposttest: a test after the programpost-determiner: a limiting noun modifierpostindustrialism: the social system that prevails in the postindustrial societyPrefixes of time and order* ex- former ex-wife: former wifeex-president: former presidentex-minister: former ministerex-husband: former husbandPrefixes of time and order* re- again, repeatedly redesign: to design againredescribe: to describe againreequip: to equip againrethink: think againrecheck: check againNumber prefixes* uni-; mono- one* bi-; di- two * tri- three * poly- many * centi- 100; 1/100* milli- 1/1000* multi- many* semi-; hemi-; demi- halfNumber prefixes* uni-; mono- oneunicycleuniaxialunidirectionalmonosyllablemonologuemonoplaneNumber prefixes* bi-; di- two bicyclebimonthlybilingualbiannualdichotomydimeric Number prefixes* tri- three tricycletripodtrijettrisyllabictripletNumber prefixes* poly- many polysemypolyglotpolycentricpolyvalentNumber prefixes* centi- 100; 1/100centimetercentigramcentigradecentipedeNumber prefixes* milli- 1/1000 million millimeter milligram milliliter millimicrosecondNumber prefixes* multi- manymultitudemultiplemultipolemultishiftNumber prefixes* semi-; halfSemiconductorsemiprofessionalsemicirclesemiskilledNumber pr