交通运输与物流专业英语(Unite 4)中英文.doc

Unite Four Transportation Planning StudyText A Transportation planning studiesTransportation planning studies are conducted to gather information for transportation modeling efforts or to evaluate the potential impacts of specific programs and projects. The data needed for these studies usually includes information about population and economic activity, travel characteristics, and transportation facilities. The data are often organized and analyzed to identify the scale of present system inadequacies, provide basis to forecast future land use and travel, to derive population, land use, and travel relationships, and calibrate travel demand models.交通规划调查是为搜集信息以便建立运输模型，评价某一具体项目和计划可能产生的潜在影响。调查数据包括人口、经济活动、出行特征、以及交通方式等信息，通过对这些数据进行整理分析找出当前系统的不足，为预测将来土地使用和出行状况提供依据，提取人口、土地使用和出行关系等数据，并修正出行需求模型。The data needed for a study vary according to the scope and nature of the planning activities, cost of data collection, and so on. Generally, the transportation planning process requires that data from a wide variety of sources be complied, organized, and analyzed. Data collection contains most of the major operational surveys, including volume, transit, goods movement studies and inventories of land use, traffic control, and geometric characteristics and so on.一般而言，调查所需的数据根据规划规模、性质以及调查成本而定，交通规划过程要求这些来源广泛的数据需要符合要求以用于整理分析。数据搜集过程是实际调查的主要部分，包括了流量、公共交通工具和货物移动调查，以及土地使用清单、交通控制、地理特征等。Planning may be categorized into three general time horizons: short, medium, and long term. Short-term planning activities focus on selected projects that can be implemented within a period of 1 to 3 years. The short-term planning process includes system monitoring (collection of performance data), identification of system deficiencies, formulation of goals and objectives; identification of strategies, development of performance criteria, evaluation of strategies, and ranking of a list of recommended projects designed to provide better management of existing facilities by making them more efficient. Examples of planning projects include: transportation/land use interaction (e.g., trip generation at shopping centers, transportation impacts of a proposed development_, goods movement studies, impact studies.规划根据规划期的长短可分为三种：短期规划、中期规划和长期规划。短期规划侧重于在13年内实施的可选方案，规划过程包括系统检测（搜集性能数据）、查找系统缺陷、目标及目的的制定；明确策略、制定执行标准、评估策略以及为提议项目进行分级等一系列措施旨在更好地管理现存设施设备，提高运行效率。规划项目实例包括交通运输与土地使用情况的相互作用（如，购物中心的出行生成、提议开发项目的交通影响等）、货物移动的调查以及相关影响的研究。Medium-term pans usually focus on efforts such as transportation system management (TSM) studies, air quality management planning, and corridor studies. There appears to be no distinct division between short-, medium-, and long-term planning efforts. Rather, those projects commonly categorized as medium term extend beyond the time span and narrow focus of short-term plans but are more specialized and immediate than the long-term planning efforts described below.中期规划通常侧重于对交通运输系统的管理研究、空气质量管理和通路研究、表面上短期、中期、长期规划没有太大区别，其实不然，中期规划超越了短期规划的时间域和狭小的关注点，又比长期规划更加直接和专注。Long-term plans forecast transportation needs of an area and identify the projects to be constructed over a 20-year period t0 meet these needs. The plans tend to be capital intensive with relatively long implementation times. Although the problem0solving process requires more sophisticated methods for predicting future transportation demands than are required for short-term planning projects.长期规划用于预测20年内某一区域的交通需求，以及确定在此期间能够满足人们需求的建设项目。这类规划属于资金密集型规划且有相对较长的实施周期，比起短期规划项目对未来交通需求的预测，长期规划在解决问题的过程中也会用到更加复杂的方法。Land use dataSeveral types of land use surveys can be conducted to provide new data, or to update and supplement available information. The type of survey must be based on its purposes and the resources available. Land use data are traditionally presented on a map with different colors showing he land use by general category of use (residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, parking and recreation, transportation, utilities, agriculture, etc.). Statistical summaries may be prepared to snow the total land area devoted to each category of use, and may be broken down into sub-areas, or traffic zones. Land use data collected for one study are valuable for the later studies. Inconsistencies in categories of land use and data formats may make it difficult to compare results with subsequent studies.存在几种土地使用情况调查方法用于获得新的数据，更新和完善信息系统，但这些调查都必须以调查目的和资源可得性为基础。传统做法是，根据土地的使用类型在地图上以不同的颜色表明土地的不同使用分类（如居住区、商业区、工业区、教育机构、公园及娱乐场所、交通区域、公用事业部门、农业区等）。然后统计总的土地使用情况和每种类型的使用情况，最后再进一步细分为各子区域或交通区域。一次调查中所获得的土地使用数据可为下一次调查使用，但如果土地使用类型分类及数据格式不同，那么会对随之进行的调查造成巨大困难。Transportation systems data Transportation facility inventories study, which is the second step of the contemporary transportation planning methodology, provide the basis for establishing the networks that will be studied to determine present and future traffic flows. Data collected include information relating to facility usage, that is, traffic levels, trip lengths, and user costs. Data can be organized around travel facilities, parking, and tip or travel data. In many cases, some data will be available from existing records of the relevant offices. Because data collection can be expensive and some data may be more essential than others, data needs must be evaluated carefully before any study is undertaken. The conduct of the study, which attempts to model and estimate some of the travel, economic, social, and environmental factors, has been deemed to be important to transportation planning.运输设施存量调查是现代交通规划方法的第二步，它为决定现在和未来的车流网络建设研究提供了理论基础。搜集的数据包括了设施使用情况的相关数据，即指交通水平，出行距离和使用者的花费等，这些数据可根据出行设施、停车场和出行数据整理得到。在许多情况下，某些数据可从相关部门的现存记录中得到。由于数据搜集工作花费巨大，一些数据信息比另一些数据信息明显重要，因此在数据搜集之前要谨慎的评估每项数据类型，在调查时，那些用于建模和评估出行、经济、社会和环境因素的数据非常的重要。Text B Origin-destination studiesTrip and travel data are obtained from origin-destination (O-D) studies. These studies are designed to gather data on number and type of trips in an area, including movements of vehicles and passengers or cargo, from various zones of origin to various zones of destination. Information often collected includes the origin and destination of trips, the purpose, travel time, and length of tip, the mode of travel, and the land use at the points of origin and destination. The data are analyzed to define travel behavior and travel patterns within the area by time of day, mode of travel, and purpose of tip. Depending on study objectives, travel behavior may be studied for an average weekday or weekend, as well as for peak season travel (e.g., for resort areas). Travel demand for the base year is projected into the future to determine whether the current transportation infrastructure is adequate to meet future demands, to define the need for new facilities or improvements to the present system. O-D data are used to plan major street systems, street improvements, new street location, freeway location and design, interchange location, public transit networks and coverage, and terminal facilities (bus, truck, and off-street parking).通过起讫点调查可获得（居民）出行数据，这些调查旨在搜集某一区域内从出行发生地到出行吸引地，车辆、乘客及货物的出行方式和次数，调查中采集的信息包括出行的起讫点、出行目的、出行时间、出行距离、出行方式以及起讫点土地使用类型等。通过对搜集得到的数据进行分析，以阐明区域内的出行行为和出行模式，如在一天中哪个时间段出行、出行的方式以及出行目的等。根据调查目的，包括出行旺季（如一些旅游区）在内可选择在普通工作日或周末进行出行行为的调查。基年的出行需求反映了未来年的（出行需求），以便确定当前的交通基础设施能否满足未来的需求、是否需要（建设）新的基础设施或者对当前系统进行改造升级。起讫点调查数据常用于规划主干道系统、街道改造、新街道的选址、高速路的选址和设计、换乘点的选址、公共交通网络和覆盖区域、以及站点基础设施的选择（如公交、卡车、和街边停车点等）。Comprehensive O-D surveys are generally the basis for preparation of overall comprehensive transportation plans for an area. Because comprehensive plans are of long term and transportation facilities must be built for many years of usefulness, the O-D data must generally be projected to provide data on future transportation demands.广泛的起讫点调查通常作为区域内综合性交通规划的基础准备。因为综合性的规划耗时长，且修建的交通设施要供许多年的使用，所以起讫点调查数据（在一定程度上）必须能够反映出未来的交通需求。The scale of origin and destination studies varies widely. Large transportation planning studies may conduct home interviews to establish patterns for all trips made during a typical day throughout a large area. Large-scale planning studies may consist of combination of several complementary surveys. Complete studies are very expensive and time consuming and are rarely conducted. More frequently, limited O-D studies may be conducted to supplement and update existing O-D data. Major O-D data are projected to planning horizon or design year (usually, 15 to 25 years in the future) based on anticipated future economic and population growth, vehicle ownership and usage, transit availability and patronage, land use changes, and other factors. The scopes of survey questions may be narrowed to a single rip or encompass all trips mad enduring a 24-hour period. Small-scale studies may focus on specific neighborhood. Studies may also be performed for limited sections of freeway to determine weaving and merging patterns, or to develop alternate routes.起讫点调查的规模变化范围广泛。大型的交通规划调查甚至可能会在一个大型区域范围内采用家访的形式以构建标准日内所有出行模式。大范围的规划调查可能由几个相辅的调查组合而成，全面的调查成本高、耗时长，因此更常采用的是有限的调查以对现有起讫点调查数据进行补充和更新。主要的起讫点调查数据基于对未来经济人口增长、车辆保有率和使用情况、公交的可达性和（居民对此的）支持度、土地使用变化及其他因素的预测，折射出规划范围内或设计年限内（通常是未来15年至20年）的状况。调查问题的范围既可缩小为一次单一的出行情况，也可包括全天24小时的所有出行情况。小范围的调查通常更侧重于具体区域的调查。对于限定路段，通过调查以确定（线路的）交织与合并模式，或者开发交替线路。Depending on the purpose of the O-D survey, studies focus on the 3W1H, i.e., why (tip purpose), when (time of day), where (origin and destination), and how (modal choice) people travel. Time-of-day data are used to establish potential peak periods and to estimate travel demand throughout the day. Trip purpose is used to establish tip patterns by trip purpose. Categories of data need vary among studies; however, commonly selected categories include home-to-work, home-to-shopping, home-to-business, home-to-social/recreational activities, and other trip purpose. The rip origin is the beginning point of the trip unless that trip begins or ends at home because the origin of any home-based trip (e.g., Home-based work trip) is classified as “home” regardless of the direction of the trip. 根据调查的目的，调查核心问题可归结为“3W1H”，为什么调查（调查的目的），什么时候调查（调查的时间），在哪里调查（调查的起讫点），以及人们怎样出行（模型的选择）。出行时间段用于构建出行高峰（图）以及评估一天中人们的出行需求。出行目的用于构建出行模式图。不同调查对调查数据的分类有所变化，然而，普遍的分类包括了家到工作地、家到商场、家到市场、家到社会/娱乐活动场所以及其他出行目的等。出行的起点即出行开始的地方，而任何以家为基础的出行其起点都被定义为家不管出行的方向如何。Trip types are also classified in their relationship to the study areas (e.g., whether the origin and /or destination are within the study area). Those tips with neither origin nor destination in the study area and travelers make no stops within the study area are classifi