新目标英语八年级下1-5元备课笔记.doc

新目标八年级英语下学期备课笔记8下1单元词法 1. People will have robots in their homes. 人们家里将会有机器人。will助动词，表单纯的未来。用于陈述句表“将，会”。e.g. I will (Ill) be 15 next month.下个月我就15岁了。Mr. Green will be back soon.否定句：wont = will not eg. He wont be back before 10.will用于疑问句意为“会吗？”e.g. Will you be free on Friday evening?Will people have robots?2. There will only be one country.将会只有一个国家。There will be 是there be句型的将来时。e.g. There wont be any paper money. （否定）Will there be less pollution? (疑问)Yes, there will./ No, there wont.There will be more people. (肯定) 常见错误：there will have3. I think there will be more / less pollution. 我认为将会有更多/更少的污染。fewer 与less及more表数量的用法。（1）few（形容词）“几乎没有，很少的”，修饰可数名词。其比较级、最高级为规则变化：fewfewerfewest。“a few”表示“一些”，“few”带否定含义，“几乎没有”。例：a few days ago, for a few weeks, He has few friends here. There will be fewer trees. （2）little（形容词）“很少的，几乎没有的”（“小的，幼小的”），修饰不可数名词。其比较级、最高级为不规则变化：littlelessleast。“a little”表“一些”，“little”带否定含义，“几乎没有”。例：Theres little food left. We have to buy some. Theres a little water in the cup. （3）many“许多”，修饰可数名词。much“许多”，修饰不可数名词。many / much比较级、最高级为不规则变化：many / much moremost。 例：I have many magazines. She has more magazines. But he has the most. There will be more people on the earth in future. More and more students start to exercise more every day to keep fit. 4. in 与 after的区别 例句：Ill be back in half an hour. 我半小时后就回来.本句中的in作以后解，不能用after代替。after和in都可以表示以后的意思，其区别是：1）after以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间以后，常用于过去时态的句子。例如：They started working after lunch. 他们是午餐后开始工作的。The film was shown after the meeting. 电影是会议结束以后放的。2）in以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于将来时态的句子。如：They will start working in half an hour. 他们将在半小时后开始工作。The film will be shown in 2 or 3 days. 这部电影将在两三天后上映。3）在某个特定的时间以后，after也可用于将来时态的句子。例如：They will start working after 10 am. 他们将在上午10点以后开始工作。The film will be shown after 5 oclock. 这部电影将于4点以后上映。4) “after+一段时间”或“一段时间+later”表示“（在过去某个时间看来）一段时间之后”。He went home after two days. 他两天后回家了。Three years later，she had a baby. 三年后，她生了一个婴儿。5. fall in love with 爱上 fall in love with a girl 爱上一个女孩 fall in love with a country 爱上一个国家 注 fall 是“陷入”的意思. 它与feel（感觉）很像。fallfellfallen feelfeltfelt.6alone adj.（只作表语） adv. 独自；单独 He was alone in the house他一个人在屋里 。 I went to the movies alone，I felt lonely. 我独自去看电影了，我觉得很孤独。 注 alone 表示“单独的，独自一人的”，不含感情色彩.做形容词时，只能在be动词或系动词之后做表语与lonely不同，lonely表示“孤独的，寂寞的”含有丰富的感情色彩.lonely做形容词时，可做定语和表语。如: a lonely village 孤寂的村庄.7keep vt.& vi. keep 有好几个意思，在本课中做“饲养；喂养”讲，相当于feed。 keep a pet parrot 养一只宠物鹦鹉 feed a cat with fish 给猫喂鱼（1）保住；保留：Ill try my best to keep my job. 我要尽力保住我的工作。（2）保守（秘密）：keep a secret（这对我来说可是太难了）（3）保持（某状态）：Keep silent! 保持沉默！ Keep top side up! 请勿倒放！（“保持上方朝上”不就是“请勿倒放”吗？）（4）继续；持续：They kept walking. 他们继续步行。8.That may not seem possible now.那可能现在看上去不可能。 seem 是连系动词,意为“似乎”“好像”“看上去”,用来表示说话人内心的有一定依据的推测判断或猜想其用法如下: 1. “seem(to be) +n(作表语)”,此结构中的 to be 可省略,但名词前一般应有形容词修饰例如: It seems(to be) the best answer. 这似乎是最好的回答 His father seems(to be) a kind man. 他父亲看上去像个和善的人 It seemed(to be) an interesting book. 这好像是本有趣的书 2. “seem(to be) + adj(作表语)”,此结构中的 to be 也可省略如果 to be 后面是 afraid, asleep, awake 等表语形容词,则 to be 不能省略例如: The green leaves seemed(to be) more beautiful after the rain. 绿叶在雨后显得更美 These girls seem(to be) very happy. 这些女孩子们似乎很高兴 The boy seems to be afraid of the teacher. 这男孩好像怕老师 3. “seem + 介词 like 和 in 引起的短语”, seem like 表示“看上去好像”, seem in 表示“看起来处于状态”例如: Those boats seem like many ducks. 那些船看上去好像是很多鸭子 Mrs Brown seems in bad health. 布朗夫人看起来身体不好 4. “seem to do something(动词不定式作表语)”,这种结构的否定形式是“do/does/did + not + seem + to do something”或“seem + not + to do something”,其中的动词不定式多为一般式进行式或完成式例如: Tom seems to know everything. 汤姆好像什么都知道 They seemed not to know each other. 他们看上去好像互不认识 It doesnt seem to be raining now. 天看起来不像在下雨 She seemed to be sleeping. 她好像在睡觉 Mary seems to have said so. 玛丽好像曾经这样说过 5.与代词 it 连用,构成“it seems/seemed that.”句式该句式相当于“从句的主语 + seem + to do”例如: It seems that his temperature is all right.(His temperature seems to be all right.)他的体温似乎正常 It seems that she is thinking. (=She seems to be thinking.) 她好像在思考什么 It seems that they have been on earth thousands of years.(=They seem to have been on earth thousands of years.) 它们似乎已在地球上生存了数千年 6. “there seems/seemed(to be).”意为“似乎有”例如: There seems(to be) no answer to the question. 这个问题似乎没有答案 There seems(to be) a mistake in these answers. 这些答案中好像有错误 注意： seem 与 look 的区别: seem 和 look 的意思相同,但它们的着重点不同,用法有相同之处,也有一些差别 seem 指说话人内心的主观判断,而 look 则强调从所述事物外表上看得出的视觉印象 1. 两者后面都可接形容词名词动词不定式 to be 及介词短语例如: She seems/looks a nice teacher. 她看上去是个好老师 My mother seems/looks tired. 我母亲似乎很疲倦 The patient seemed/looked(to be) very ill. 那病人似乎病得很重 2. 两者后面都可接 as if 引导的表语从句,但 seem 的主语一般是 it,而 look 的主语可以是 it,也可以是其他的名词或代词例如: She looked as if she slept badly. 看她那样子仿佛没有睡好 下列几种情况下不能用 look 取代 seem: 1. seem 后面接动词不定式 to do 时例如: My father seemed to know the news. 我父亲好像知道这个消息 2. 在“it seems/seemed that.”句式中例如: It seemed that you were lying. 看来你在撒谎! 3. 在“there seems/seemed + 动词不定式”句式中例如: There seems to be many young people at the concert. 好像有许多年青人在听音乐会8下1单元语法1) 一般将来时1用be doing表示将来：主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于位置转移的动词。 如：go, come, leave, arrive等，也可用于其他动作动词。 We are having fish for dinner. We are moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow. 这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语，如果不带时间状语，则根据上下文可表示最近即将发生的动作。A: Where are you going? B: I am going for a walk. Are you coming with me?A: Yes, I am just coming. Wait for me.2用be going to do表示将来：主要意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在最近的将来或将来进行某事。 Are you going to post that letter? How long is he going to stay here?另一意义是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。 Its going to rain.3. 用will/ shall do表示将来：主要意义，一是表示预见。 You will feel better after taking this medicine. Do you think it will rain?二是表示意图. I will not lend the book to you. Take it easy, I will not do it any longer. 基本结构：She will come to have class tomorrow. Will she come to have class tomorrow?She wont come to have class tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow?4. 用一般现在时表示。根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作，在时间和条件状语从句中，都可用一般现在时表示将来时。如：1. The new term starts （begins） on August 29th. 新学期八月二十九日开学。2. If it doesnt rain tomorrow， we will go out for a picnic. 如果明天不下雨，我们将出野餐。 3. Ill call you as soon as he gets home. 他明天一到家我就打电话通知你。5. be to表将来，表示“计划安排”要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：You are to play tennis this afternoon. 你今天下午必须打网球。be about to 表将来，表示即将发生的事情。例如：He was about to start. （=He was leaving.） 他就要动身了。练习：用括弧中动词的适当形式填空1. When _Mike _（arrive）here tomorrow？2. He_（be）back in three hours.3. I_ (buy) a house when we save enough money. 4. They_（make）progress soon.5. If he isnt free tomorrow，he_（not take）part in the party.6. If he _(have)time，he_（go）to the cinema that night.7. We wont go until you_（come）soon.8. If she_（return）I_（let） you know.9. We_（send）for a doctor if you_（be）not better in the evening.10. She_（have）a concert the next year.Keys：1、willarrive 2、will be 3、am going to buy 4、are to 5、will not take 6、has, will go 7、come 8、returns, will let 9、will send, are 10、will have2） There be结构英语中,There be句型常表示某处有某人或某物。例如:There are always more than one hundred birds in the big tree every evening. 每天傍晚那棵大树上总会有100多只小鸟。一、There be句型的用法:1)There与be中间可插入一些表示推测的情态动词、表示时态的短语和一些动词短语,以强调某种语气。例如:There must be some flowers in the box. 盒子里肯定有些鲜花。There happened to be some money in my pocket.我的口袋里碰巧有一些钱。There will be a meeting this afternoon.注意:be不能换成have及have的变化形式。2)There be句型常与过去时间状语连用,构成一些固定句型,用于故事发生的开头,交代故事发生的时间。例如:Many years ago,there was such a beautiful girl called Cindy.很久以前有一个叫Cindy的美丽女孩。3)There be句型可换成There come / go,以引起注意,加强语气。例如:There comes the bus.公共汽车来了。4)There be句型或There加其他动词的句型,其动词的单复数,常采用就近一致的原则。例如:There is a desk, two chairs and three benches in the room. There are two chairs, a desk and three benches in the room. 5)There be或There加其他动词的句型,其反意疑问句一律用there？ 例如:There is a cat in the garden, isnt there？ There used to be no house here, used there / did there？(过去这儿没有房子,是吗？)二、使用There be句型时应注意:1. there be 结构中的be是可以运用各种时态的。 There is going to be a meeting tonight.今晚有个会议。 There was a knock at the door.有人敲门。 There has been a girl waiting for you.有个女孩一直在等你。 There will be rain soon.不久天就要下雨了。 2. 动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的真正的主语一致。并且要根据 就近一致原则来变换be的单复数形式。如：There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。 How many people are there in the city?这个城市里有多少人口。There is a pen and two books on the desk.课桌上有一个钢笔和两本书。3. 在therebe引起的句子结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式主动形式和被动形式均可。 There is no time to lose(= to be lost).时间紧迫。 There is nothing to see(=to be seen).看不见有什么。 There is nothing to do.(=to be done)无事可做。 4、There is no doing.（口语）不可能.There is no telling when he will be back. 无法知道他什么时候回来。There is no knowing what he is doing. 无法知道他在做什么。 练习：1. There _ any rice in the bowl.A. are B. is C. isnt D. arent 2.There_ not _ milk in the cup .A. are, manyB. are , muchC. is ,manyD. is ,much 3.There _ many apples on the tree last year. A. have been B. were C. are D. is 4.Do you know if _ a meeting next Sunday ? A. there was going to have B. there was going to beC. is there going to be D. there will be 5. Is this the last exam we have to take ? No, but there _ another test three months later.A. will be going to B. is C. will be D. has been6.There _ great changes in such kind of computers in the last few years. A. is B. are C. will be D. have been7.There _ a film tomorrow evening Awill have Bhave Cis going to be Dhas8.There _ a school at the foot of thehill. Ahave Bstand Care Dstands9.Theres going to _ in tomorrows newspapers. A. have something new B. have new something C. be something new D. be new something10.How many boys _ there in Class one? A. be B. is C. are D. am11.There _ a lot of good news in todays newspaper.A. is B. are C. was D. were12. _ any flowers on both sides of the street?AIs there BAre there CHas DHave13. There _ great changes in our country since 1982.A. have beenB. wereC. has beenD. are8下2单元词法 1. I dont have enough money.我没有足够的钱。enough：adj.充足的、充分的，在句子中可作定语修饰名词，也可作表语。eg. Do you have enough time? Six pieces of paper will be enough.enough: adv.足够地 在句子中做状语，修饰形容词。 eg. He isnt old enough to go to school.2. I argued with my best friend.我与我最好的朋友吵架了。argue with sb.意为与.争吵，争论 eg. He often argue with his classmates.3. My clothes are out of style.我的衣服过时了。be out of style / fashion表示不合乎时尚反义词是be in fashion表示合乎时尚eg. He is aways in fashion. The sofa is out of style.4. Maybe you should call him up.（1）maybe是副词，用来表示推测，译为也许，或许，大概。eg. Maybe you are right.Maybe they will go out for a walk.maybe不同于may be。maybe是一个词，是副词，may be是情态动词may加上动词原形be，意为或许，后接形容词、名词、代词等。 二者有时可互换同义句。eg. It may be true. He may be the man we are looking for.（2）call sb up .打电话给某人 eg. I called up Zhang Hong at eight oclock.原句中him为代词，所以放在call和up之间，不能说成call up him。eg. Ill call her up this afternoon. Could you ask him to call me, please.在这个句子中，省略up。你认识这些词组吗？call sb./phone sb./give sb. a call/give a call to sb./call sb. up/ring sb.up5. I dont want to surprise him. 我不想使他惊讶。在这句话中surprise是个行为动词，可以说成surprise sb.，表示使.惊讶。eg. The news surprises us greatly.surprised adj.惊讶的 surprising adj.令人惊讶的eg. Im surprised to hear the news. Its a surprising gift, and I love it.6. No, he doesnt have any money, either. 不，他也没有钱。either的用法：用作副词，用在否定句或否定词组后加强语气，表示也，而且。eg. He doesnt like singing, and he doesnt like dancing, either.either用作代词时，常表示两者之中任何一个，常与短语连用或用作宾语。eg. Either of them will agree with you. I dont like either of the books.想一想：too ，either与also7. I need to get some money to pay for summer camp. 我需要一些钱支付夏令营。（1）need是个情态动词，也可以是行为动词。当它是情态动词时，后边直接加行为动词，表示需要，但need作情态动词时一般不用于肯定句。它一般用于否定句和疑问句中，例如：You need not meet him.你不必见他。 Need I repeat it?我有必要重复它吗？对上一句的简略回答为：Yes, you need. No, you neednt.此外情态动词must提问时，否定回答时为No, . neednt。例如：Must he finish the homework now? Yes, he must. No, he neednt.当need作行为动词时，同其他行为动词一样对待，need后加不定式为need to do。例如：I need to finish the work.变为疑问句时，不能像它作情态动词时直接提前，而要加助动词do/ does/ did等，例如：He needs to write many words.改成一般问句：Does he need to write many words?他需要写许多字吗？ Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.（2）（sb.）pay（money）for sth.为.而付款（sb.）spend（money）on sth在.上花多少钱（sth.）cost sb.（money）什么东西花费某人多少钱这些短语都表示付款。但pay, spend指的是人，主语为人，而cost指的是物，主语为物。例如说他昨天花10元买了一本书。用以上三个短语分别为：He paid 10 yuan for the book yesterday. 他昨天为这本书付了10元钱。He spent 10 yuan on the book yesterday. 他昨天花了10元钱（买）这本书。The book cost him 10 yuan yesterday. 昨天这本书花了他10元钱。注意以上三个动词的动词过去式为：pay-paid spend - spent cost-cost想一想：三个花费的表达与区别？（spent,cost,pay,take）8. But I just found out that my friends were planning a birthday party for my best friend.但是我刚刚发现我的朋友们已在为我最好的朋友计划一个生日聚会。 found是find过去式 find out意为“找出”，“发现”，“查出（真相）” find和find out都有发现的意思，二者的语义差别是：find往往指凭一时的直接感觉或偶然发现，而find out则需经一番努力后发现出来，有“查明，弄清”的意思。 eg. He found a bag on the chair. Please find out when the train will leave. “were planning”过去进行时，主要表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。 eg. What were you doing at nine last night? It was raining hard when I left my office. 过去进行时动词变化 （现在分词） eg. When I was cleaning the windows, my brother was sleeping. 2. Everyone else in my class was invited except me, and I dont know why. else修饰不定代词（something, everything, somebody, anybody等），疑问代词（who, which, whom等）和疑问副词（when, where等），要用在这些词后面，译为“别的”。 eg. What else can you do? Is there anything else you want? except是介词，表示“除了”，“除了我”译为“except me”。except强调“除去”（后边跟的人或物不包含在里边）。eg. Except Li Ming, there are forty-five students in the class.The class went to the aquarium except me.besides，but，except的用法区别：先说except（but）与besides的区别：前者表示除了之外（不再有），表示的是一种排除的关系；后者表示除了之外（还有），表示的是一种累加关系： Besides his wife，his daughter also went to see him I go to school every day except but Sunday 但是以上区别通常只限于肯定句中，在否定句或疑问句中besides也可以表示除外，不再有（except）： No one passed the exam besides except，but Jim除吉姆外，没一个人通过考试。 再说except与but的区别：一般说来，前者用法较广，后者用法较窄。事实上，在现代英语中，but的用法十分有限，通常只能用在no（及其复合词），any（及其复合词），every（及其复合词），all，none，who，what，where等之后。一般说来，若没有出现上述词汇，就不宜用but。如通常不说：The window is never opened but in summer（可用except）。 except，but一般不用于句首，但besides可用于句首。 关于but for与except for：前者表示若不是，通常与虚拟语气连用；后者表示除外，指不同类比较。9. I dont know what to do. 我不知道做什么？ What to do是疑问句加不定式结构，在句中做宾语，这种结构经常放在tell, show, teach, forget, find out等词后作宾语。 eg. I forgot what to do next. The teacher showed us what to do with it.10.The tired children dont get home until 7 pm. 疲倦的孩子们直到晚上七点才到家。 until是中考英语试题中常考的词汇之一，它既可以用作介词，又可用作连词。作介词时，后面要接具体的时刻；作连词用时，后面要接时间状语从句。在使用时要注意以下几点： 在含有until引导的时间状语从句中，如果句子（主句）的谓语动词是非持续性动词（即动作一会儿就结束的动词），如：come，go，leave，begin，start，finish等，那么这个句子（主句）常常要用否定式，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。notuntil意为“直到才”。eg. She didnt go to bed until she finished her homework她直到做完作业才去睡觉。 在含有until引导的时间状语从句中，如果句子（主句）的谓语动词是延续性动词（即动作可以延续一段时间的动词），如：work，live，stay，study，play，wait等，那么这个句子（主句）常常用肯定式，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止。这时until可译作“直到为止”。eg. Ill work until he tells me to stop我会一直工作到他叫我停下来为止。 但也用否定式，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。notuntil意为“直到才”。注意它与肯定式的区别： I listen to the radio until my father came back. 我一直听收音机直到我爸爸回来。 I didnt listen to the radio until my father came back. 我直到我爸爸回来才听收音机。 until用作连词引导时间状语从句时，从句表示的动作如果还没有发生，习惯上也要用一般现在时而不用一般将来时，也就是说当主句用一般将来时（或主句是祈使句时），until引导的时间状语从句要用一般现在时(参见一般将来时的五种情况)。例如： Dont leave until we come back在我们回来之前，不要离开。 We wont go home until the rain stops我们要直到雨停了才回家。8下2单元语法：一、 学会should ,Why dont you和 could在英语中的习惯用法。情态动词should的用法should是情态动词，它的基本用法是必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，意为“应该”。should（应当，应该）用于所有人称，表示劝告或建议。 eg. You should wait a little more. 你应该再多等一会儿。- I have a very bad cold.我感冒很厉害。 - You should lie down and have a rest.你应该躺下，多喝水。 在这个单元中我们还学到用“could”表示建议，这时could不是can的过去式，而表示比should更加委婉的建议。- I need some money to pay for the summer camp. - You should/ could borrow some money from your brother.8下2单元短语：1,want sb to do sth 想要某人做某事eg: My mother wants me to be a scientist in the future.2,argue with sb与某人争吵eg: I always argue with my sister.3,write sb a letter写信给某人eg: You should write him a letter./ You should write a letter to him.4,call sb up打电话给某人eg: You should call her up. I want to call up Tom.5,like doing sth喜欢做某事eg: Many students like playing basketball after school.6,borrow sth from sb/sp 从某人或某地借某物eg: Many students borrowed some books from the school library yesterday.7.lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人 eg. He always lends money to his friends.7,ask sb for sth 为了某事要求某人eg: Li Ping asked his parents for a new football.8,ask sb to do sth 要求某人去做某事eg: Our teacher asked us to clean the classroom.9,buy sth for sb 为某人买某物eg: We must buy some gifts for our parents birthday.10,get sb to do sth 让某人去做某事eg: You can get him to finish his homework .11,tell sb to do sth 告诉某人去做某事eg: My grandfather often tells me to study harder.12,invite sb to do sth 邀请某人去做某事 ,invite sb to sp. 邀请某人去某地eg: My best friend invited me to come to his birthday