人教版必修三Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars language points课时作业 (6).docx

unit 4 astronomy- the science of the stars课时作业language points第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(a、b、c和d)中，选出最佳选项。a(2018山东省实验中学高三第一次模拟考试)ever wondered how your brain works？join six leading brain scientists to explore what we know about“the most difficult kilo of matter in the universe”the day will be chaired by psychologist and presenter of bbc radio 4s all in the mind，claudia hammond.speakers：andrew jacksonwelcome trust senior research fellow at the institute of neuroscience，newcastle universitypeggy st.jacqueslecturer in psychology and memory research at the university of sussexplus4 more leading experts on the brain to be announcedartists：molten kringelbach，mary morrell，andrew jackson，peggy st.jacques，cathy price，george mather，claudia hammondoverview：the brain has long been a source of fascination.today，this event will introduce you to the evolution of the brain.well study techniques for controlling the brain as well as the latest technologies that allow you to control the outside world using your mind alone.topics covered will include：evolution of the brainhow memory makes us humanemotionsleep and the brainbooking information：the event will be held in the brunei auditorium.and doors to the auditorium will open at 9：15 am. we require the name of each person attendingplease ensure this is provided at the time of booking.the ticket price includes a buffet lunch，as well as morning and afternoon refreshments. the schedule for the day will be confirmed closer to the event，and will be emailed to all ticket holders. a minimum of 100 early bird discounted tickets are available priced at129(saving20 on the full ticket price of 149)1which of the following is an expert in memory?aclaudia hammond.bpeggy st.jacques.candrew jackson. dwilliam lawrence.2when you book your tickets，you are required to _.aoffer your email addressbtake your packed lunchcpay100 in advancedarrive at 9：15 am.3the passage is mainly to _.ateach knowledge bgive advicecentertain the readers doffer information【解题导语】本文是一篇广告类应用文，主要介绍了一场关于大脑的知识讲座的相关信息。1b细节理解题。根据speakers：部分的“peggy st.jacqueslecturer in psychology and memory research at the university of sussex”可知，peggy st.jacques是记忆方面的专家。故选b项。2a推理判断题。根据booking information：部分中的“the schedule for the day will be confirmed closer to the event, and will be emailed to all ticket holders.”可知，持票者只有留下电子邮箱才能收到具体的计划安排。故选a项。3d写作意图题。纵观全文内容，本文主要介绍了一场关于大脑的知识讲座的相关信息。由此可推断出，本文的主要目的是提供信息。故选d项。长难句分析：well study techniques for controlling the brain as well as the latest technologies that allow you to control the outside world using your mind alone.(overview：部分最后一句)分析：本句为主从复合句。句中that allow you to control the outside world using your mind alone为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词technologies。译文：我们将研究控制大脑的技术以及让你独自使用信念来引导你控制外部世界的最新技术。b(2018绵阳市高中第一次诊断)david rees runs a truly distinctive business.he charges customers$15 to sharpen their pencils to perfection，using a variety of tools.i know what youre thinkingis this a joke？the 39yearold gets asked that question a lot.to clarify everything，he even created a special section on his website telling everyone hes actually providing a real service.you can supply your own pencil or you can have rees sharpen one of his own favorite 2b pencils.after that，he mails it to you in a display tube with the shavings in a separate bag，and an authentic certificate which just happens to mention the pencil is so sharp as to be a dangerous object.to achieve the desired result，the master sharpener uses all kinds of tools，including general sandpaper，pocket knives and even a special$450 sharpening machine.“it depends on what the customer wants to use his/her pencil for，”he says.that determines the most appropriate pencilsharpening technique.some customers buy pencils as inspirational symbols while others buy them because of their special memories of classic 2b pencils.$15 to have a pencil sharpened is a bit expensive though，right？youre not the only one who feels that way，and davids unique business has really angered lots of people，who talk of inequality in america，saying it is so insane for the wealthy to pay$15 to sharpen a pencil.but others will say，“this is just our urge to put an end to the welfare state because new ideas arise along with the business.”david admits his trade is sort of unusual.but there are those who actually value his service，as is proven by the over 500 orders he has gotten.4how could david make money by sharpening pencils?ahe invented new tools for the job.bhe promoted his skill on his website.che saved lots of time for other people.dhe provided quality service for his customers.5from his words，we can infer that david rees _.aknows all kinds of pencil usersbprovides personalized servicescvalues ideas behind the pencilsdalways writes in pencil6what does the underlined word“insane”(in paragraph 5)mean?adeliberate. brewarding.cunreasonable. dirresponsible.7what seems to be the authors attitude to david rees trade?aits a fancy service.bit has a good reputation.cits awfully expensive.dit wastes time and money.【解题导语】本文主要介绍了一个人提供为他人削铅笔的独特服务。【难句分析】youre not the only one who feels that way, and davids unique business has really angered lots of people，who talk of inequality in america，saying it is so insane for the wealthy to pay$15 to sharpen a pencil.分析：本句是一个复合句。两个who都引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，分别修饰先行词the only one和lots of people；saying.sharpen a pencil是现在分词短语作伴随状语。译文：你不是唯一一个这样想的人。david独特的生意真的激怒了很多谈论美国的不平等的人，他们说富人为了削铅笔而付15美元实在是疯了。4d考查推理判断。根据第四段第一句“to achieve the desired result，the master sharpener uses.even a special$450 sharpening machine”可推知，主人公给客户提供高质量的削铅笔服务，故选d。a项错在主人公为了工作发明新工具，文章中只是提到了运用各种工具，并没有提到发明新工具；b项错在主人公在他的网站上宣传他的技能，根据第二段可知，主人公在网站上解释了自己的工作，而非宣传技能；c项错在主人公为他人节省了很多时间，文章中对此并没有提及，故排除。5b考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“it depends on what the customer wants to use his/her pencil for”可知，主人公会给客户提供个性化的服务，故选b。6c考查词义猜测。根据第五段第一句“$15 to have a pencil sharpened is a bit expensive though，right”，并结合第二段第一句“i know what youre thinkingis this a joke”可推知，此处的insane意为“十分愚蠢的，疯狂的”，故选c。 deliberate“故意的”；rewarding “值得做的”；irresponsible“不负责任的”。7a考查观点态度。根据全文的整体内容可知，作者认为主人公所提供的削铅笔服务是与众不同的、别致的，故选a。c(2018长春七校第一次联考)there is a popular saying in the english language：“sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never hurt me.”well，that is not true.unkind words，namecalling or even the socalled“the silent treatment”can hurt children as much as being physically hit，sometimes even more so.a recent study of middle school children showed that verbal (言语的)abuse by other children can harm development in the brain.the study was a project of researchers at harvard medical school in massachusetts.researcher martin teicher and his team studied young adults，aged 18 to 25.these young men and women had not ever been treated in a cruel or violent way by their parents.the researchers asked the young people to rate their childhood exposure to verbal abuse from both parents and other children.then the researchers performed imaging tests on the brains of the subjects.the images showed that the people who reported suffering verbal abuse from peers in middle school had underdeveloped connections between the left and right side of the brain.the two sides of the brain are connected by a large bundle of connecting fibers called the corpus callosum.this was the area that was underdeveloped.the middle school years are a time when these brain connections are developing.so，unkind，hurtful comments from children or adults during this period have the greatest effect.the researchers tested the mental and emotional condition of all the young people in the study.the tests showed that this same group of people had higher levels of fear，depression，anger and drug abuse than others in the study.the researchers published their findings online on the american journal of psychiatrys website.parents cannot control what other people say to their children，but they can prepare their children.8why does the author use the popular saying at the beginning?ato show the power of words.bto introduce an opposite view.cto prove the authors argument.dto show ancient peoples wisdom.9what did the subjects have in common?athey were hurt by unkind words.bthey performed poorly in imaging tests.cthey had their brain slightly damaged.dthey experienced no physical abuse at home.10what will be discussed in the next paragraph?acomments on the findings.bapproaches to further studies.csuggestions to parents.ddifferent opinions on the matter.11what is the main idea of the passage?athe way we speak matters.bverbal violence should be stopped.cunkind words hurt the brain.dwords are worse than sticks and stones.【解题导语】本文是说明文。马萨诸塞州哈佛医学院的研究人员发现，语言暴力会干扰大脑神经的连接，对孩子的大脑发育造成不良影响。8b考查作者意图。引用名人名言、谚语等是文章开篇的常见写作方式，且大多用来引出文章的话题。但是根据此谚语后面的“well，that is not true.unkind words，namecalling or even the socalledthe silent treatment can hurt children as much as being physically hit，sometimes even more so”可知，本文引用这个谚语恰恰是为了引出一个不同的或者说是相反的观点，故选b。9d考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“these young men and women had not ever been treated in a cruel or violent way by their parents”可知，这些实验对象都没有遭受过父母的残酷或暴力对待，也就是说，他们在家里都没受到过身体上的虐待。故选d。部分考生会误选a项，原因在于考生看到了第三段中的“reported suffering verbal abuse from peers in middle school”而误认为所有的实验对象都遭受过语言暴力，但是根据前面的“the people who”可知，并非所有实验对象都遭受过语言暴力。10c考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段“parents cannot control what other people say to their children，but they can prepare their children”可知，作者接下来应该会就“父母如何帮助自己的孩子为可能遭受的语言暴力做好准备，使他们不会受到语言暴力的影响”给出一些方法或建议。故选c。11c考查主旨要义。文章介绍了语言暴力对孩子的不良影响，再根据文中的“verbal(言语的)abuse by other children can harm development in the brain”可以看出，其影响主要体现在孩子的大脑发育方面。故选c。d(2018贵阳市摸底考试)its good to make mistakes，and here is why.first of all，mistakes are a clear sign that we are trying new things.its always good to try new things because when we are trying new things，we are growing.if we never try anything new，how can we improve？the simple answer is，“we cant”another good thing about mistakes is that when we are making them，we are learning.consider thisedison failed 10,000 times before he perfected the light bulb.when asked how it felt to fail that many times，he said that he had learned 10,000 things that didnt work.when we make a mistake，we are much closer to success.because every time we make a mistake，we eliminate one of the things that keep us from success.but all this doesnt mean that we should go through life without considering the consequences of a mistake.instead，when we try something new，we have to be willing to set some reasonable limits so that in the event that it doesnt work out the way we want it to，we will be in a position to try again.we all have limited resourcesin the form of time and moneyso we shouldnt blow them all on one approach to a problem.its best that we realize it probably wont be perfect for the first time and allocate these resources appropriately so we can learn，make corrections，and try again.only by accepting and using our mistakes in this way can we make significant advances in our lives.there is an old saying that goes，“if youre not making mistakes，youre not trying hard enough”so go forth and make mistakes.12which can be used to replace the underlined word“eliminate”in paragraph 4?amake up for bget rid ofcaccept dexpect13what do we know from the fifth paragraph?awe should ignore the possible consequences.bwe should accept the outcome willingly.cwe should make some limits for our next try.dwe should avoid making the same mistakes.14what is the text mainly about?adealing with mistakes.bmaking mistakes.cmaking progress.dbenefiting from mistakes.15what may the writer suggest we say to ourselves when making a mistake?anever mind，i tried my best.bgreat！now i have learned something.cthis is a waste of time.dlook at this mess.i should just give up.【解题导语】本文主要介绍犯错的一些好处以及利用错误获得成功的策略。【难句分析】when asked how it felt to fail that many times，he said that he had learned 10,000 things that didnt work.分析：本句是一个复合句。when asked how it felt to fail that many times 是一个省略句，当主句与从句主语一致，并且从句中含有be动词时，从句的主语和be动词可以省略，从句补充完整应该是：when he was asked how it felt to fail that many times；第一个that为副词，意为“那么”；第二个that引导宾语从句，在从句中不作句子成分；第三个that引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词10,000 things。译文：当被问及失败那么多次的感受时，他说他已经知道了一万种不适合(作灯泡)的东西。12b考查词义猜测。根据第四段第一句“when we make a mistake，we are much closer to success”并结合对画线词所在句的理解可知，当犯错误时，我们就除去了一些阻碍成功的因素。由此可推知，eliminate与get rid of意思相近，意为“除去”，故选b。13c考查细节理解。根据第五段第二句“instead, when we try something new，we have to be willing to set some reasonable limits”可知，我们应该为下一次尝试设置一些合理的限度，故选c。a项和b项与第五段第一句“but all this doesnt mean that we should go through life without considering the consequences of a mistake”不符；d项错在我们应该避免犯同样的错误，文章中并没有明确提到，故排除。14d考查主旨大意。根据文章第一段“its good to make mistakes，and here is why”的开篇点题，并结合对全文的整体理解可知，本文主要讲述犯错误的一些好处，以及利用这些错误获得成功的策略，故选d。15b考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句“another good thing about mistakes is that when we are making them，we are learning”可推知，当犯错误时，我们要意识到我们也是在学习，从而更接近成功；本段中爱迪生改进灯泡的例证也告诉我们，当我们犯错时，我们可以告诉自己：“很好！现在我学到了一些东西”，故选b。第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。(2018淄博市高三模拟考试)most teens need 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night.but many teens have trouble sleeping.lack of sleep can affect sports performance，increase our chances of getting sick，and may be linked to weight gain in some people.how can we get the sleep we need？here are some ideas： _1_ youve probably noticed how much running around little kids doand how soundly they sleep.take a tip from a little child and get at least 60 minutes of exercise a day.physical activity can decrease stress and help people feel more relaxed.just dont work out too close to bedtime because exercise can wake you up. avoid alcohol and drugs.lots of people think that alcohol or drugs will make them relaxed，but thats not the cas