中国科学院2007年3月博士研究生入学考试英语试题.doc

中国科学院2007年3月博士研究生入学考试英语试题PAPER ONEPart Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your MACHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET.1Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but _ and more gradually than now seems desirable.Areluctantly Bunwittingly Cimpulsively Danxiously2In fear for their lives and in _ of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War.Away Bview Cvision Dpursuit3If I could envisage a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis in Iraq, I would not have entitled my speech “The _ Problem”.AInstant BInverse CInsoluble DIntact4Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to _ in the man and woman who had eased their suffering.Aconfide Bponder Cdwell Dreflect5We all buy things on the _ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse buy”.Aurge Bforce Cspur Drush6Nothing has ever equaled the _ and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world.Aconcern Bmagnitude Cvolume Dcarelessness7The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was _ called “hot” and later “swing”.Ashortly Binitially Cactually Dliterally8The depth of benefits of reading varies in _ the depth of ones own experience.Atempo with Btime with Cpace of Dproportion to9Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant, though, he would never allow his personal feelings to _ with an assignment.Ainterrupt Bbother Cinterfere Dintervene10His _ with computers began six months ago.Aimagination Binnovation Cobservation Dobsession11I like cats but unfortunately I am _ to them.Avulnerable Ballergic Cinclined Dhostile12Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become _ and are no longer used in the present days.Aobsolete Bobscene Cobvious Doblique13One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep a low _, i. e. stay away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself.Amanner Bposition Cprofile Dstation14With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a _ success.Aprovisional Bsensational Csentimental Dpotential15As the core of the management board, he can always come up with _ ideas to promote the corporations marketing strategies.Aintegral Binstinctive Cintangible Dingenious16They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra _ or a painter of defective paint.Ain pace Bout of focus Cin step Dout of tune17Surely it doesnt matter where charities get their money from: what _ much is what they do with it.Acounts for Basks for Cconsists of Dapproves of18Any business needs insurance _ ordinary risks such as fire, flood and breakage.Ain Bagainst Con Dof19As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media _.Ato and fro Bupside and downCinside and out Dnow and then20There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, _, there was little to disprove it.Aby the same token Bunder the same conditionCat the same stage Dfor the same purposePart Cloze Test (15 points)Directions： For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your MACHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET.There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration 21 we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths 22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the 23 of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand 24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human 25 only when we realize the Confucian atmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood furniture was designed for people to sit 26 in, because that was the only posture approved by society. Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a(n) 27 on which I would not think of 28 for more than five minutes, and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about 29 on a couch carried by servants, because 30 she had never heard of Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did 31 one of his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting in an 32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived, gentlemen and ladies had to 33 themselves perfectly erect, at least on formal 34 , and any sign of putting ones leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of 35 .21Afor Bthan Cas Dthat22Aif Bwhen Cbecause Dthough23Arise Bexistence Coccurrence Dincrease24Awhat Bwhere Chow Dwhy25Acare Bchoice Cconcern Dcomfort26Aupright Btight Cfast Dstiff27Aarmchair Bthrone Caltar Dcouch28Amoving Bkeeping Cremaining Dlasting29Atraveling Bstaying Cwandering Dreclining30Afortunately Bfrankly Caccordingly Dapparently31Ain Bon Cto Dat32Airresponsible Bincorrect Cimmoral Dimperfect33Ahold Bsit Cbehave Dconduct34Aconditions Bsituations Coccasions Dinstances35Aculture Bconfidence Cmorality DmodestyPart Reading Comprehension (40 Points)Section A (30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your MACHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they handle things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5billion dollarsmore than 10 percent of the U. S. budgetlarge numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.Two-thirds of the population are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.The medical profession has as a result become Americas new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctors surgery is as likely to be about the doctors latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at, several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.The rising cost of medicine in the US is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the countrys health cost climbed 15.9 percentabout twice as fast as prices in general.36In the US patients can expect, in medical treatment, _.Aoccasional mistakes by careless doctorsBa great deal of personal attentionClow charge by doctors and hospitalsDslacking nurses and bad services37Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because _.Athey fear to be sued by the patientsBthey care much about their reputationCthey compete for getting more patientsDthey wish to join the private medical system38What do most Americans think about health care in the US?AIt must be in total chaos.BIt must be a free competition system.CIt should cover the unemployed.DIt should involve private care.39From paragraph 3 we know that _ from the public health system.Amillions of jobless people get supportBthose with steady income do not seek helpCsome people are made ineligible to benefitDthose with private health care are excluded40According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US?AThe refusal of insurance companies to pay the bills.BThe increase of the number of doctors and hospitals.CThe lack of government control over the medical prices.DThe merger of private health care with the public system.41It is implied that American doctors often _.Atrade their professionalism for financial benefitsBfail to recognize the paying power of the patientsCdiscuss about how to make money during the surgeryDgive the patients expensive but needless treatmentsPassage TwoAlmost every day the media discovers an African American community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills, garbage dumps, petrochemical plants,refineries, bus depots, and the list goes on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.But citizens didnt remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968More than three decades ago,the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella. It should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968, seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.In 1979, a landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston, followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington, D C, to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities. Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black,poor and working-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what “the environment” was understood to mean. It expanded the definition to include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D. C., this past October. The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering.“We are pleased that the Summit was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, planners, policy analysts and government officials. We proved to the world that our movement is alive and well, and growing,” says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show powerful environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.42In paragraph 1, the word “residents” refers to _ in particular.Aethnic groups in the USBthe American general publicCAfrican AmericansDthe US working-class43More than three decades ago, environmental justice was _.Acontroversial among local activitiesBfirst proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.Cfascinating to the civil rights groupsDbarely realized by many environmentalists44In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers _.Aget relieved of some of their basic dutiesBknow what environmental justice wasCfight for better working conditionsDrecognize their dangerous surroundings45Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979, _.Athe environmental justice issues were first brought to court in HoustonBenvironmental activists cooperated in defying the US governmentCthe government intervention helped promote environmental justiceDenvironmental problems attracted the attention of the government46The new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that _.Athey noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poorBthey cried for government intervention in saving the environmentCthey knew what “the environment” really meant to the White peopleDthey practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US47With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit was aimed for _.Ashowing the achieved successBattracting national attentionCidentifying relevant issuesDfinding solutions to the problemsPassage ThreeAnyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often inseparately tied to their childrens success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.Its not quite that simple. “Kids can be given the opportunities, but they cant be forced,” says Jacquelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who led a study examining what motivated first-and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educators and psychologists do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who dont seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the am eas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids control, that their intelligence is malleable.Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into different levels of ability, also bears blame for the disappearance of drive in some kids. Some educators say its important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the issue is that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions,” says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that classwork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.48The passage is mainly about _.Awhen in ones life ambition is most neededBwhat to do to reform the education systemCwhy parents of underachievers are ambitiousDhow to help school children develop their ambition49According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids _.Ashow