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物理物理量 physical quantity数值 number有效数字Significant figures科学计数法scientific notation单位 unit矢量Vector平行法则The Parallelogram rule分量 component标量 scalar大小 magnitude (size)方向 direction水平 horizontal竖直 vertical向上 upward向下 downward相互垂直 perpendicular质量 mass千克 kilogram (kg)天平 balance质心 centre of mass稳定性stability惯量 Inertia时间Time秒Second钟表Clock秒表 stopwatch(stopclock)单摆pendulum周期period长度 length米 metre千分尺 micrometer游标卡尺 vernier calipers体积 volume立方米 cubic metre升Litre (L)密度 density坐标coordinate直角坐标系 rectangular coordinate systemX-轴 x-axis原点 origin象限 quad极坐标系 polar coordinate system图graph直线 the straight line斜率 gradient（slope）*抛物线para-curve;parabola;parabolic curve球体 sphere环 loop盘型 disc圆柱形 cylinder力 force牛顿 Newton测力计spring-ergometer浮力upthrust重力 weight(the gravitational force)重力场 gravitational field重力场强度 gravitational field strength张力 tension摩擦力 friction牵引力 traction空气阻力 air resistance合力Resultant force向心力Centripetal force弹簧 spring读数 reading刻度 scale荷载 load弹性极限 elastic limit胡克定律 hookes law弹性系数Spring constant力矩 moment（torque）顺时针 clockwise逆时针 anticlockwise平衡 equilibrium (state of balance)静止 at rest运动 motion位移 distance速率 speed恒定速度 steady speed速度velocity初速度 initial velocity(original velocity)末速度 final velocity加速度 acceleration减速 deceleration (retardation)平均加速度 average acceleration小车Trolley 纸带 paper tape打点计时器 ticker-tape timer自由落体运动 free fall动量 momentum角动量 angular momentum压强 pressure帕斯卡Pascal(Pa)液体中的压强 pressure in liquids深度 depth密度 density容器container大气压 atmospheric pressure标准大气压 standard atmospheric pressure真空vacuum水银 mercury气压计Barometer气压表manometer体积 volume反比 inverse proportionBe proportional to动力理论The Kinetic theory理想气体 idea gas相对 relative功 work焦耳 joule (J)马力horsepower (746W)能量 energy动能 kinetic energy(KE)势能 potential energy重力势能Gravitational potential energy(PE)弹性势能Elastic potential energy化学能Chemical potential energy电力势能Electrical potential energy核能Nuclear potential energy热能Thermal energy辐射能Radiated energy 转化 transformation传递 transfer能量守恒 conservation of energy能量守恒定律 the law of conservation of erergy效率 efficiency功率 power有用功 useful work done瓦特watt电能 energy of electricity电厂power station发电器 generator热电厂 thermal power station发动机 motor引擎engine能源Energy source核聚变Nuclear fusion可再生能源Renewable energy source水电能源Hydroelectric energy潮汐能Tidal energy风能Wind energy波浪能Wave energy地热能Geothermal energy太阳能Solar energy生物能Biofuels生物质能biomass不可再生能源Non-renewable energy source化石燃料Fossil fuels核燃料Nuclear fuels煤Coal天然气Natural gas石油oil电池battery粒子Particle固体Solid液体Liquid气体Gas元素Element原子Atom分子 molecule化学键Bond振动vibrate布朗运动Brownian motion任意得At random显微镜Microscope之字形路径Zig-zag paths内能Internal energy热能Thermal energy热量Heat温度Temperature平均动能Average kinetic energy温标Temperature scale摄氏温标Celsius scale摄氏度 degree Celsius (OC)定点Fixed points下定点Lower fixed point上定点Upper fixed point冰点Ice point (melting point)沸点Steam point (boiling point)标准大气压Standard atmospheric pressure杂质impurity水银 mercury酒精Alcohol温度计Thermometer体温计Clinical thermometer热电偶温度计Thermocouple thermometer热敏电阻温度计Thermistor thermometer敏感性Sensitivity范围Range响应性Responsiveness线性Linearity热膨胀Thermal expansion双金属带Bimetal strip恒温器thermostat黄铜Brass殷钢；不胀钢Invar恒定体积Constant volume正比 direct proportion反比Inverse proportion密封容器Sealed container热导 thermal conduction热导体Thermal conductor热绝缘体Thermal insulator羽毛feather电导体Electrical conductor电子Electrons自由电子Free electrons对流Convection加热器Heater (radiator)冰箱Refrigerator空调Air conditioner热辐射Thermal radiation电磁波Electromagnetic waves红外线Infrared light(waves)紫外线 ultraviolet light发射体Emitter吸收体Absorber反射体Reflector温室效应Greenhouse effect太阳能板The solar panel保温瓶The vacuum flask如银的表面Slivery surface蒸发Evaporation蒸汽Vapour湿度Humidity沸腾Boiling蒸发的冷却效应The cooling effect of evaporation冰箱Refrigerator制冷剂Refrigerant出汗Sweating凝结Condensation比热容Specific heat capacity热容Heat capacity（thermal capacity）铝Aluminium相变潜热Latent heat相Phase （state）融化潜热Latent heat of fusion熔解比潜热Specific latent heat of fusion汽化潜热Latent heat of vaporization汽化比潜热Specific latent heat of vaporization热平衡 thermal equilibrium外界 surrounding*准静态过程 quasi-static process*等体过程 isochoric process*等压过程 isobaric process*等温过程 isothermal process*绝热过程 adiabatic process*升华sublimation*凝华desublimation熔化fusion*凝结solidification气化evaporation, vaporization液化liquidation condensation波Vaves声音Sounds振动Vibration波动oscillation横波Transverse waves水波Water waves波纹Ripples波阵面wavefronts上下运动Up-and-down motion纵波Longitudinal waves前后运动Backwards and forwards movements线圈coil 压缩Compressions (squashes):bunched-up section稀疏Rarefactions (stretches):stretched -out section波速Speed频率Frequency赫兹hertz(Hz)波长Wavelength振幅Amplitude循环 cycle周期Period反射Reflection折射Refraction衍射Diffraction*波的干涉 interference of waves介质Medium声速The speed of sound回声Echoes音调Pitch响度loudness雷达Radar示波器Oscilloscope超声波 ultrasonic sounds(ultrasound)光学optics光 light发光的Luminous不发光的Non-luminous漫反射Diffuse reflection镜面反射Regular reflection吸收Absorption透射Transmission光子Photons激光Laser单色光Monochromatic light平面镜Plane mirror入射光线The incident ray反射光线The reflected ray法线Normal入射角Angle of incidence反射角Angle of reflection反射定律The law of reflection物体Object像Image虚像Virtual image水平倒置Laterally inverted(back to front)实像Real image视差Parallax折射角Angle of refraction视深Apparent depth折射率Refractive index三棱镜Prism光谱Spectrum色散Dispersion全反射Total internal reflection临界角Critical angle光纤Optical fibres透镜Lens凸透镜Convex lens (converging lens)凹透镜Concave lens (diverging lens)焦点Principal focus主光轴Principal axis焦距Focal length焦平面Focal plane光路图Ray diagram标准光线Standard rays放大镜Magnifying glass相机Camera投影仪Projector电磁波Electromagntic wave电磁波普The electromagnetic spectrum原子Atom原子核Nucleus电子Electrons负电Negative charge正电Positive charge无线波Radio waves红外线Infrared light可见光Visible light紫外线Ultraviolet light细菌Bacteria (germ)病毒 virus荧光Fluorescence荧光粉fluorescent powder水银蒸汽mercury vapourx-射线x-raysx-射线照片x-rays photograph癌症cancer变异mutation (genetic change)-射线Gamma Rays光程 optical path光强度 light intensity偏振 polarization传播 propagation受迫振动 forced vibration共振 resonance机械波 mechanical wave 电学磁学：电子 electron电荷charge (electric charge, electricity)静电荷electrostatic charge (static electricity)负电荷Negative charge聚乙烯Polythene负电荷 negative charge有机玻璃Perspex正电荷Positive charge羊皮Wool元电荷 elementary charge电荷量 quantity of electricity排斥力The force of repulsion相同电荷相互排斥like charges repel异性电荷相互吸引unlike charges attract库仑coulomb (C)微库仑microcoulomb(uC)原子atom原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron离子ion轨道orbit导体conductor绝缘体insulator半导体semiconductor超导体 superconductor吸引力attraction感生电荷induced charge电场electric fields电场线electric field lines电路circuit并联in series串联in parallel电源electric cell (battery)终端terminal化学反应chemical reaction电灯泡bulb灯丝filament开关switch电流current电流表ammeter安培ampere(A)毫安计milliammeter毫安milliampere (mA)电流方向current direction电势差potential difference(PD)电压voltage电压表voltmeter伏特volt(V)电场力electromotive force(EMF)电阻resistance欧姆ohm()长度Length横截面积Cross-sectional area材料Material温度Temperature热效应Heating effect加热元件Heating elements电阻元件Resistance component电阻Resistor可变电阻Variable resistor(rheostats)*电阻箱 resistance box热敏电阻Thermistor光敏电阻Light-dependent resistors(LDRs)二极管Diodes电路Circuit串联电路Series circuit并联电路Parallel circuit串联电路电阻Combined resistance of resistors in series并联电路电阻Combined resistance of resistors in parallel电功率Electrical power交流电Alternating current(AC)直流电Direct current(DC)保险丝fuse 电路断路器circuit breaker火线live (hot, or active)wire零线neutral(or cold)wire磁体magnets磁极magnetic poles条形磁体bar magnet*蹄形磁铁horse-shoe magnet 斥力repulsion吸引力attraction感生磁性induced magnetism磁化magnetize永磁体permanent magnet非永磁体temporary(non-permanent) magnet磁性材料Magnetic material铁Iron 镍Nickel*钴Cobalt铁磁性Ferromagnetic硬磁性材料Hard magnetic materials钢Steel合金Alloy*无碳铝镍钴磁铁Alcomax*铁钡永磁合金magnadur软磁性材料Soft magnetic materials*高导磁率合金mumetal非磁性材料Non-magnetic materials黄铜Brass铜Copper含铁的Ferrous不含铁的Non-ferrous磁性 magnetism磁场 magnetic field磁感线 magnetic induction line磁场图Magnetic field patterns指南针Compass中性点Neutral point电流的磁场Magnetic field of a current右手定则Right-hand grip rule螺线管Solenoid电磁铁Electromagnets线圈Coil圈turns磁芯core磁继电器the magnetic relay断路器the circuit breaker磁力magnetic forcefleming左手定则flemings left-hand rule电动机electric motor直流电动机DC motor换向器Commutator刷子Brushes电磁感应Electromagnetic induction检流计Galvanometer法拉第电磁感应定律Faradays law of electromagnetic inductionFleming右手定则Flemings right-hand rule发电机Generators交流发电机Alternator 互感Mutual induction变压器Transformer初级线圈Primary (input)coil磁级线圈Secondary (output) coil折数比Turns ratio升压变压器Set-up transformer降压变压器Set-down transformer自感 self-induction电子 electron质子 proton中子 neutron核子 nucleon同位数 isotope原子核 nucleus能级 energy level基态 ground state激发态 excited state跃迁 transition放射性 radioactivity射线 ray射线 ray射线 ray衰变 decay核反应 nuclear reaction核能 nuclear energy质能方程 mass-energy equation裂变 fission链式反应 chain reaction聚变 fusion热核反应 thermonuclear reaction电容capacitor无穷 infinite匀强电场 uniform electric field分布 ditribution磁通量 magnetic flux电感 inductance库仑定律 Coulomb law电荷守恒定律 law of conservation of charge电容 capacitance电容器 capacitor法拉（电容单位） farad电流 electric