人教版选修八Unit 3 Inventors and invention Grammar学案.docx

unit 3 inventors and inventions grammar学案grammar: 过去分词充当定语、表语或宾语补足语定语作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。过去分词作定语分为前置和后置两种情况。 1前置定语单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。由及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或只具有“被动”含义；由不及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，只表“完成”含义。（1）被动和完成含义：we must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。（2）被动含义：she is a respected teacher她是一位受人尊敬的老师。（3）完成含义：they are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard 他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。2后置定语过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。this will be the best novel of its kind ever written (that has ever been written) 这将是这类小说中写得最好的。who were the socalled guests invited (who had been invited) to your party last night？ 昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀？yesterday i bought a book published by foreign language teaching and research press 昨天我买了一本外语教学与研究出版社出版的书。【拓展延伸1】(1)过去分词如果表示一种强烈的动作含义，单独使用也可以放在名词的后面。 the experience gained will be of great value to us 取得的经验对我们很有价值。by the end of the year，the total money collected had come to 92 million dollars， all of which were sent to africa 到年底为止，筹集到的全部资金达到了9,200多万元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。 (2)由过去分词构成的合成词也可作定语。the air-conditioned rooms are very comfortable in hot summer 在炎热的夏天，装空调的房间非常舒服。the newly-built building is our office building 这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。(3)过去分词作定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的词分开)两种，其作用相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。the funds (which/that have been) raised are mainly used for helping the homeless 筹集的资金主要用于帮助那些无家可归者。this book，(which is)written in simple english，is suitable for beginners to read 这本书是使用浅显的英文写的，适合初学者阅读。the concert (which/that was) given by their friends was a success 他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。 the meeting，(which was) attended by over five thousand people，welcomed the great hero 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。(4)用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽 不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人有关。the boy looked up with a pleased expression那男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。he spoke with a frightened look他说话时显得非常恐惧。【拓展延伸2】(1)动名词作定语，说明所修饰的名词的用途。 no one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room阅览室里不准大声说话。 there is a swimming pool in our school我们学校有一个游泳池。(2)现在分词作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词前面；现在分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。 he is a promising young man他是一个很有前途的青年。 do you know the woman(who is)sitting at the end of the room？ 你认识坐在房间后面的那位妇女吗？ we must keep a secret of the things (which/that are) being discussed now 对于现在所讨论的事情，我们必须保守秘密。(3)不定式作定语，位于所修饰的词后，通常表示将来发生的动作。当名词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能采用不定式作后置定语。此外，作定语的不定式与所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的“主谓”、“动宾”或“同位”三种关系。如果作定语的不定式为不及物动词，其后要加相应的介词。 our monitor is the first to arrive我们的班长是第一个到达的人。(主谓关系) the question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is of great importance 明天会议上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(动宾关系) i have a lot of work to do我有许多事要做。(动宾关系) their decision to give up the experiment surprised us 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们吃惊。(同位关系) they have no happiness to speak of他们没有什么幸福可言。表语过去分词作表语，通常表示主语所处的一种状态。his colleagues were surprised at his absurd behaviour同事们对他那荒诞的行为感到吃惊。the city is surrounded on three sides by mountains这座城市三面环山。 the door remained locked门仍然锁着。she looked disappointed她看上去很失望。【拓展延伸3】(1)动名词作表语，解释或说明主语的内容。此时，主语与表语位置通常可以互换。 our duty is serving the people heart and soul 我们的职责是全心全意地为人民服务。 what they are worried about is being left behind 他们所担心的是别被落在后面。(2)现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质，特征或属性；此时，现在分词与主语(往往 是物)构成逻辑上的主谓关系，译作“令/使人的”。 the news was exciting and we were all excited 消息令人兴奋，我们都很激动。 he remained standing beside the table他依然站在桌旁。(3)不定式作表语，一般紧跟在系动词be，seem，remain，appear，get的后面，用来说明或解释主语的内容。当主语为名词dream，business，wish，idea，plan，job，work，task，duty时，表语通常采用不定式，不用动名词。此时，不定式通常强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。 the aim is not just to keep busy其目的不仅是为了使每个人不闲着。 he appears to want to leave他看来要走。宾语补足语过去分词作补语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或仅仅表示“状态”。1表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)(see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，feel，notice，think等)i have never heard the song sung in my school我从未听过这首歌在我们学校唱过。he watched the tv set carried out of the room他看到电视机被搬到屋子外面了。2表示“使役”意义的动词(have，make，get，keep，leave等)i had my leg broken in the football game我的腿在足球赛中摔坏了。the reporters keep us informed of the results of the games 记者不断地告知我们比赛结果。3表示“希望”、“要求”意义的动词(like，order，want，wish，expect等后用过去分词或在过去分词前to be)everyone wishes the matter(to be) settled as soon as possible 人人都希望这件事情尽快解决。i want my house(to be)completed before the national day 我想让我的房子在国庆节前完工。【拓展延伸4】(1)现在分词作补足语 由延续性动词转化而来的现在分词作补足语，表示过程的一部分；而由瞬间性动词转化而来的现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作的反复。 i heard her singing when i passed by her room 我路过她房间时，听到她正在唱歌。(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者) i found the topic being discussed everywhere then 那时我发现人们在到处谈论这个话题。(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的承受者) are you listening to them quarrelling？ 你在听他们吵架吗？(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者) his remarks set me thinking 他的话引起了我的深思。 (动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者) the explosion sent us running in all directions 那次爆炸把我们吓得东奔西逃。 (动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)(2)不定式作补语不定式作补语，表示动作的全过程或者是动作已经结束。 did you notice him leave the house？你看到他离开房间了吗？ i heard her say so我听见她是这么说的。某些动词短语后面接不定式作宾语补足语。此类短语有：call on，rely on，depend on，wait for，long for，vote for等。 you can depend on her to be late可以担保她必定迟到。 we are longing for the holiday to come我们渴望着假日的到来。动词think，consider，believe，find，feel，know，guess，prove，suppose，imagine等词后面，常接“to be形容词(名词或反身代词)”结构。 hes thought to be one of the richest men in europe 人们认为他是欧洲最大的富翁之一。 imagine yourself(to be)rich and famous想象一下你又有钱，又有名的情况。 1.（2016浙江）to return to the problem of water pollution, id like you to look at a study _in australia in 2012.a.having conducted b.to be conductedc.conductingd.conducted2.（2016江苏）in art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message_within the work.a.to hideb. hiddenc. hidingd. being hidden3.（2015陕西）back from his two-year medical service in africa, dr. lee was very happy to see his mother_ good care of at home.a. taking b. taken c. take d. be taken 4. (2014福建) for those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _.a. connectedb. connectingc. to connectd. to be connected5. (2014浙江)amie salmon,disabled,is attended throughout her school days by a nurse to guard her.a.to appointb.appointingc.appointedd.having appointed6. (2014重庆)the producer comes regularly to collect the cameras to our shop for quality problems.a.returningb.returnedc.to returnd.to be returned7. (2015陕西)back from his two-year medical service in africa, dr. lee was very happy to see his mother good care of at home.a.takingb.takenc.taked.be taken8. (2015四川)the manager was satisfied to see many new products after great effort.a.having developedb.to developc.developedd.develop.用所给词的适当形式填空1do you know the man with his hair _ (tie) back?2 how are the team playing? theyre playing well, but one of them got _ (hurt)3the stewardess asked all the passengers on board to remain _ (seat) as the plane was about to land.4dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ (know) only to people with special knowledge.5get your answers _ (check) before you hand in the papers.6dont worry. ill have the materials _ (send) to you as soon as possible.7with prices _ (keep) going up, it is sometimes difficult for us to make ends meet on our small income.8in the morning i woke up and found the world outside my house _ (change) completely.9the meeting _ (hold) last night was a great success and all the disagreements got settled.10it was so large a room that a hundred people looked _ (lose) in it.单句改错1you should improve your speak english_2most of the artists being invited to the party were from south africa_3i was annoying at his rude words_4the workers worked in the factory are wellpaid_5tom had his leg breaking when he was playing football_.根据提示，用非谓语动词形式翻译下列句子1你注意到了那里正在修的那座桥吗？(notice)_2听到这个想法他似乎很高兴。(delight)_3我不记得有人告诉我这个消息。(remember)_4有那么多工作要做，我根本没有时间休息。(with)_5说实话，我对他的演讲感到厌倦。(tire)_k真题1. d【解析】句意:回到水污染这个问题,我想让你看看2012年在澳大利亚所做的一项研究。在该句中,要注意区分现在分词和过去分词的用法。此处非谓语动词的逻辑主语是空格前面的名词a study,与conduct构成被动关系,所以根据原则应该用过去分词形式conducted表示被动,a项和c项是主动关系要排除,同时b项不定式表示将来,而根据语意,此处为已经完成的动作,也可以排除,所以选d项。4. a【解析】句意：对那些与家人离得比较远的人来说，笔记本电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要。本句中的stay是一个连系动词，后接形容词作表语。connected是形容词化的过去分词，意为有联系的，有来往的，符合句意。5. c【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:身残的amie salmon,在学校由一个指定守护她的护士照料着。appointed在此充当定语,修饰前面的nurse, appoint与nurse是动宾关系,所以用过去分词作后置定语。6. b【解析】考查过去分词作定语。观察四个选项可以看出,其中a项和c项是主动形式,b项和d项是被动形式,因此我们要考虑语态问题,cameras与return是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以要用被动形式,d项表示将被不合逻辑,所以选择b项,过去分词作定语修饰中心词the cameras。7. b【解析】句意:在非洲医疗机构待了两年回来之后,李博士很高兴地看到他的母亲在家被照顾得很好。根据句子结构来判断,此空要用非谓语动词作宾语补足语,构成see sb. d