CLAUSE RELATIONS句子关系分析.doc

CLAUSE RELATIONS(Theoretical Framework)1. A clause relation is the cognitive process whereby we interpret the meaning of a sentence or group of sentences in the light of its adjoining sentence or group of sentences.(Winter)2.A clause relation is also the cognitive process whereby the choices we make from grammar,lexis and intonation in the creation of a sentence or group of sentences are made in the light of its adjoining sentence or group of sentences. 3. Where the clauses are independent,we can speak of sentence relations.4. 4.A clause is a significant semantic unit.A sentence may/can consist of one clause or more than one clause.5. Relation between clausesThe relations between clauses cannot be random or haphazard; the meaning of every clause is function of its adjoining clauses in its sentence.6.Every clause in a discourse is in at least one semantic relation with at least one other clause or group of clauses in that discourse.7. Clause relation in a discourse may be between clauses,groups of clauses,or part of clauses;in other words the relation is no respect of syntactic boundaries, though its realization is necessarily rooted in the grammar of the clause. 8. Out of a finite number of clause relations an infinite number of patterns of organization may be built. Every discourse has therefore a potentially unique organization.9. Semantic CompletenessThere must be two kinds of completeness in our definitions-grammatical completeness and semantic completeness. By semantic completeness we mean that the clause may be grammatically complete but not semantic complete and this requires an adjoining clause or clauses to complete its meaning as clause, in for example, This is a problem is grammatically complete but cannot be understood without the next (independent) clause; it raises the obligatory question: What is this problem?10. Lexical signals “There are vocabulary items, lexical repetitions that help signal the relations that hold the sentences of a paragraph and they also signal the organization of larger passages and whole discourse. Winter draws attention to what he terms items of metastructure, these are lexical signals which serve a larger function.”11. Lexical Anticipation “Lexical anticipation refers to a clause/a lexical item that makes explicit in advance what the next relation will be. This function is carried out by certain lexical items.”12.Lexical realization / LogicalLexical realization refers to a process of participation that will fulfill the expectation of certain anticipation. This function will be carried out by certain lexical items, clauses or information blocks.e.g .May I correct your mistaken impression of Mr Smiths activities?He forwarded a report instead of attending the meeting.13.Lexical replacement “Lexical replacement is carried out when a clause is made up of a constant (the part unchanged in clause pair) and a variable(the changed part in the clause pair either by addition, deletion or by other means).”General-ParticularGeneralExemplification/explanation.cause-effectCondition-resultAim/goal-actionBasic Clause RelationsComparisonsAlternativesUnspecific-specific.Specific-unspecificCompatibilityMatching RelationContrastsContradiction.IncompatibilityHypothetical-realDenial-correction14.Matching Relationship Characteristics:high degree of repitition between its clauses;compatibility or incompatibility in semantic relations.15. Logical Sequence RelationshipCharacteristics: changes in time, space, continuum; deductive reasoning.Types: cause/effect; condition/achievement; denial/reason; affirmation/reason16. Multiple Clause RelationCharacteristics: both matching and logical sequence relations are present in the same clause pair.E.g. If the Russian were not to blame, then the Americans must be.17. Signaling Devices 1) Three vocabularies 2) Repetitions 3) By projecting the discourse into question-and-answer dialogue Practice on sentence level1. Enjoy it. Buy it. Read it.2. (1)Your joy is your own; (2) your bitterness is your own. (3) No one can share it with you.3. A good mans house will still be standing after an evil mans has been destroyed.4. What you think is the right road may lead to death.5. Laughter may hide sadness. When happiness is gone sorrow is always there.6. Bad people will get what