美国文学史概述及作品选读.doc

美国文学史概述及作品选读multitude mlttju:d 美 mlttu:d n. 大量，许多；大众，人群许多;大量;大批;大群 A multitude of things or people is a very large number of them.There are a multitude of small quiet roads to cycle along. 有很多可以骑车的宁静小路。Addiction to drugs can bring a multitude of other problems. 毒瘾会带来许多其他问题。If you say that something covers or hides a multitude of sins, you mean that it hides something unattractive or does not reveal the true nature of something.种种错误(或问题);真相 Strong, centralized government is a term that can cover a multitude of sins.“强大的中央集权政府”是一个能掩饰种种问题的措词。一大群人;人群 You can refer to a very large number of people as a multitude . 笔语.surrounded by a noisy multitude. 被喧闹的人群围着.the multitudes that throng around the Pope. 围在主教周围的人群民众；大众；群众 You can refer to the great majority of people in a particular country or situation as the multitude or the multitudes . The hideous truth was hidden from the multitude. 向大众隐瞒了骇人听闻的真相。It is our task to convince the multitudes that we are pursuing a lawful hobby in a lawful way. 我们的任务是要让民众相信，我们是在用合法的方式来从事一种合法的爱好。write about 写的事，写到，把（某事）作为写作的主题She is most powerful and touching when she writes about the student movement in the old days. 她过去写的学生运动最有力动人。 In the book he wrote about the matter. 在这本书里, 他写到了这件事。survive svav vi. 幸存，活下来 vt. 比活得长，经历之后还存在；幸存 vt.& vi. 幸免于难；挺过；艰难度过生存;存活;幸存 If a person or living thing survives in a dangerous situation such as an accident or an illness, they do not die.the sequence of events(事情的先后顺序；前因后果) that left the eight pupils battling to survive in icy seas for over four hours. 致使这 8 个小学生在冰冷的海水里挣扎求生四个多小时的一连串事件Those organisms that are most suited to the environment will be those that will survive. 最适宜该环境的微生物将会存活下来。Drugs that dissolve blood clots(血块;血凝块) can help people survive heart attacks. 能溶解血栓的药物会有助于治疗心脏病。 grume gru:m n. 凝块,黏液【医】血块;凝血;(血等的)粘块挺过;艰难度过 If you survive in difficult circumstances, you manage to live or continue in spite of them and do not let them affect you very much. On my first day here I thought, Ooh, how will I survive? 我第一天到这儿时就想，“天哪，我怎么能挺过去呢?”.people who are struggling to survive without jobs. 艰难度日的失业者Where once she had been totally self-sufficient, she now had to survive on income support. 她曾经完全能自给自足，而现在却不得不靠收入补助金维持生计。.a man who had survived his share of boardroom coups. 董事会改组后仍然持有股份的人幸存;幸免于难;留存 If something survives, it continues to exist even after being in a dangerous situation or existing for a long time. When the market economy is introduced, many factories will not survive. 引入市场经济后，许多工厂将面临倒闭。The chances of a planet surviving a supernova always looked terribly slim. 行星躲过超新星爆发的几率总是十分渺茫。su:pnv n. （天文）超新星.surviving examples of 19th-century architecture in the MidWest. 美国中西部几处仍留存至今的19世纪建筑比活得久;比长寿 If you survive someone, you continue to live after they have died. Most women will survive their spouses. 大多数女性都比配偶长寿。She is survived by two daughters from her first marriage. 她身后留下了头婚时生的两个女儿。.William Shakespeares last surviving descendant. 威廉莎士比亚最后一个健在的子孙The unimaginably vast stretches of terrain, the luxuriant forests, the fertile land and many other things new and exotic serves as their Muses from whom they obtained imagination and inspiration.stretch stret 美 strt v. 伸展；延伸；持续；包括 n. 伸展；弹性；一片；一段时间 adj. 可伸缩的；弹性的延伸;绵延 Something that stretches over an area or distance covers or exists in the whole of that area or distance. The procession stretched for several miles. 游行队伍长达数英里。He had burns that stretched from his neck to his hips. 他从脖子到臀部均被烧伤。.an artificial reef stretching the length of the coast. 沿着海岸延伸的人造暗礁一片;一泓;一段 A stretch of road, water, or land is a length or area of it. Its a very dangerous stretch of road. 这是一段非常危险的路。This stretch of Lost River was broader and deeper. 洛斯特里弗的这片水域又宽又深。.a long stretch of beach with fine white sand. 沙粒又细又白的一大片海滩伸展;舒展 When you stretch, you put your arms or legs out straight and tighten your muscles. He yawned and stretched. 他打了个呵欠，伸了伸懒腰。Try stretching your legs and pulling your toes upwards. 试着双腿伸直并且向上拉伸脚趾。She arched her back and stretched herself. 她弓起背，舒展身体。Stretch is also a noun. At the end of a workout spend time cooling down with some slow stretches. 训练结束后花时间做些缓慢的伸展运动来降降温。stretching Make sure no awkward stretching is required. 确定不用做太难的伸展动作。一段时间 A stretch of time is a period of time. He was fluent in French, having spent stretches of time in Southern France. 他曾在法国南部呆过一段时间，法语流利。.after an 18-month stretch in the army. 在部队生活了 18 个月后He would study for eight to ten hours at a stretch. 他会一口气学习 8 到 10 个小时。 (使)延续;(使)持续 If an event or activity stretches or is stretched into a further period of time, it continues into that period, which is later than expected. .as anti-abortion protests stretched into their second week. 随着反堕胎抗议进入第二周The talks could be stretched into the summer of 1993. 该谈判可能会延续至 1993 年夏天。 (从一个时间)持续(至另一个时间) If something stretches from one time to another, it begins at the first time and ends at the second, which is longer than expected.a working day that stretches from seven in the morning to eight at night. 从早上 7 点持续到晚上 8 点的工作日包括;涉及;囊括 If a group of things stretch from one type of thing to another, the group includes a wide range of things. .a trading empire, with interests that stretched from chemicals to sugar. 从化学制品到食糖均有涉足的贸易帝国 (把)拉长;(把)撑大;(把)拉细 When something soft or elastic stretches or is stretched, it becomes longer or bigger as well as thinner, usually because it is pulled. The cables are designed not to stretch. 该电缆不能拉伸。Ease the pastry into the corners of the tin, making sure you dont stretch it. 将油酥面团小心地移至烤盘的各角，注意不要把它拉长。 (织物)有弹性的，有弹力的 Stretch fabric is soft and elastic and stretches easily. .stretch fabrics such as Lycra. 莱卡等有弹性的织物.stretch cotton swimsuits. 弹力棉制泳衣 (女式)泳衣 swimming suit 泳衣 (使)延长使用;节俭地使用 If you stretch an amount of something or if it stretches, you make it last longer than it usually would by being careful and not wasting any of it. Theyre used to stretching their budgets. 他们习惯于精打细算。精打细算be very careful in reckoning; accurate count; be accurate in calculation; budget strictly; pinch pennies; careful and detailed meticulous calculation; careful calculation and strict budgeting; count every cent and make every cent count; cut it fine Their plans for an increase have all been carefully calculated. 他们增产的计划都是精打细算出来的。pinch and scrape v. 省吃俭用；精打细算During his senior year his earnings stretched far enough to buy an old car. 他上年纪时省下的收入足够买一辆旧车了。刚能够节约下来(或支付) If your resources can stretch to something, you can just afford to do it. She suggested to me that I might like to start regular savings and I said Well, I dont know whether I can stretch to that. 她建议我可以开始定期存钱，我说我还不知道钱是不是够花呢。耗尽，竭尽(财力或物力) If something stretches your money or resources, it uses them up so you have hardly enough for your needs. The drought there is stretching American resources. 那里的旱灾正在耗尽美国的财力物力。Public expenditure was being stretched to the limit by having to support 3 million unemployed people. 因为要救济 300 万失业人口，公共支出即将被耗尽。stretched The deal will also help the companys stretched finances. 这笔生意也将有助于缓解公司的资金紧张状况。使竭尽所能;使全力以赴;使拿出全部本领 If you say that a job or task stretches you, you mean that you like it because it makes you work hard and use all your energy and skills so that you do not become bored or achieve less than you should. Im trying to move on and stretch myself with something different. 我正想换工作，想尝试点不一样的事情来挑战一下自己。They criticised the quality of teaching, claiming pupils were not stretched enough. 他们批评教学质量太差，声称没有使学生们发挥出潜质。短语 (通常指为够到某东西而)尽量伸长手臂 If you are at full stretch, your arm is straight and extended as far as possible, usually because you are trying to reach something that is almost too far away. He offered his lighter at full stretch. 他伸长胳膊把打火机递了过去。短语 竭尽全力;全力以赴 If you are at full stretch, you are using the maximum amount of effort or energy. Everyone would be working at full stretch. 每个人都将全力以赴。短语 任凭怎么想也(不);再怎么说也(不) If you say that something is not true or possible by any stretch of the imagination, you are emphasizing that it is completely untrue or absolutely impossible. Her husband was not a womaniser by any stretch of the imagination. 她老公绝对不是个拈花惹草的人。(wmnaz n. 沉溺于女色的人,玩弄女性者)By no stretch of the imagination could his speech be described as impersonal. 他的演讲再怎么说也不缺乏人情味。短语 (久坐之后)散散步，活动活动腿脚 If you stretch your legs, you go for a short walk, usually after you have been sitting down for a long time. I stopped at the square and got out to stretch my legs. 我在广场处停下来，下车活动活动腿脚。短语 牵强附会;勉强说得过去 If you stretch a point, you describe something in a way which is not accurate, although it may be partly true. It is stretching a point to call this censorship. 把这称为审查有点儿牵强。stretch out (使)伸直身子躺下 If you stretch out or stretch yourself out, you lie with your legs and body in a straight line. The jacuzzi was too small to stretch out in. 这个“极可意”浴缸太小了，躺不下。Moira stretched herself out on the lower bench. 莫伊拉在较矮的长椅上躺下了。伸出，伸开(身体的某一部分) If you stretch out a part of your body, you hold it out straight. He was about to stretch out his hand to grab me. 他正要伸手抓我。awkward :kwd 美 :kwrd adj. 令人尴尬的；难对付的；不方便的；笨拙的 使人尴尬的；难处理的；棘手的 An awkward situation is embarrassing and difficult to deal with. I was the first to ask him awkward questions but therell be harder ones to come. 我是第一个向他提出尴尬问题的人，不过还会有人问更难回答的问题。There was an awkward moment as couples decided whether to stand next to their partners.大家在决定是否要站到自己配偶身旁时，这一刻令人尴尬。awkwardly There was an awkwardly long silence. 有很长一段时间陷入了难堪的沉默。.an awkwardly timed meeting. 时间安排不当的会议难使用的；难携带的；（工作）难处理的 Something that is awkward to use or carry is difficult to use or carry because of its design. A job that is awkward is difficult to do. It was small but heavy enough to make it awkward to carry. 它虽然小，但很重，不便携带。Full-size tripods can be awkward, especially if youre shooting a low-level subject. 标准尺寸的(英 trapd 美 trap:d三脚架)可能会不便于使用,用于拍摄低角度的物体时尤其如此。awkwardly The auto-exposure button is awkwardly placed under the lens release button. 自动曝光按钮安装在镜头脱卸按钮下面，十分不便。（行动）笨拙的；（姿势）别扭的 An awkward movement or position is uncomfortable or clumsy. Amy made an awkward gesture with her hands. 埃米笨拙地做了个手势。awkwardly He fell awkwardly and went down in agony clutching his right knee. 他笨拙地摔倒了，痛苦地抱住右膝倒在地上。He lay beside her awkwardly, propped on an elbow. 他用一只胳膊肘支着身体，别扭地躺在她旁边。害羞的；尴尬的；局促不安的 Someone who feels awkward behaves in a shy or embarrassed way. Women frequently say that they feel awkward taking the initiative in sex. 女人们经常说她们不好意思在性生活上采取主动。He was rather awkward with his godson. 在教子面前，他非常局促不安。awkwardly This is Malcolm, the girl said awkwardly, to fill the silence. 女孩尴尬地说了句“这是马尔科姆”，打破了沉默。awkwardness He displayed all the awkwardness of adolescence. 他表现出了青春期的各种羞涩不安。不可理喻的；难打交道的；难相处的 If you say that someone is awkward, you are critical of them because you find them unreasonable and difficult to live with or deal with. Shes got to an age where she is being awkward. 她到了难相处的年龄。terrain tren 美 tren n. 地形，地势；地面，地带；地理岩层；（知识的）领域范围地形;地势;地带 Terrain is used to refer to an area of land or a type of land when you are considering its physical features. The terrain changed quickly from arable land to desert. 那个地带很快就从耕地变成了沙漠。.a tortuous eight-hour coach ride around 1,200 bends of rough terrain. 在崎岖不平的地势上拐了 1,200 个弯、长达 8 小时的冗长的长途汽车旅行luxuriant lgrint 美 lgrint adj. 茂盛的；郁郁葱葱的；绚烂的；华丽的葱茏的；茂密的；茂盛的 Luxuriant plants, trees, and gardens are large, healthy, and growing well. There were two very large oak trees in front of our house with wide spreading branches and luxuriant foliage(flidn. n. 植物的叶子(总称),叶子及梗和枝；树叶). 我们家门口有两棵枝繁叶茂的大橡树。luxuriant forests 茂盛的森林（须发）浓密的，健康的 If you describe someones hair as luxuriant, you mean that it is very thick and healthy. Hair thats thick and luxuriant needs regular trimming. 健康浓密的头发需要定期修剪。fertilef:tal adj. 肥沃的；可繁殖的；想象力丰富的(土地、土壤)肥沃的，丰腴的 Land or soil that is fertile is able to support the growth of a large number of strong healthy plants. .fertile soil. 肥沃的土地=fertile land.the rolling fertile countryside of East Cork. 科克郡东部起伏的乡间沃土fertility He was able to bring large sterile acreages back to fertility. 他能将大片的不毛之地重新变为沃土。sterile steral adj. 不毛的，贫瘠的；不生育的；无菌的；无效果的消过毒的;无菌的 Something that is sterile is completely clean and free from germs. He always made sure that any cuts were protected by sterile dressings. 他总是坚持要用无菌纱布包扎伤口。Urine is sterile. 尿液是无菌的。sterility strlt n. 不毛；不孕；内容贫乏；不结果实.the antiseptic sterility of the hospital. 医院的无菌消毒无生殖能力的;不育的 A person or animal that is sterile is unable to have or produce babies. George was sterile. 乔治没有生育能力。.a sterile male. 没有生育能力的男子sterility This disease causes sterility in both males and females. 该病会导致男女不孕不育。无生气的;缺乏新意的 A sterile situation is lacking in energy and new ideas. Too much time has been wasted in sterile debate. 在毫无新意的辩论上已经浪费了太多时间。sterility .the sterility of Dorotheas life in industry. 多罗西娅在业界毫无生气的生活antiseptic ntiseptk 美 ntsptk adj. 防腐的；无菌的；异常洁净的；诚实无欺的 n. 防腐剂，杀菌剂，消毒剂杀菌剂；防腐剂；消毒剂 Antiseptic is a substance that kills germs and harmful bacteria. She bathed the cut with antiseptic. 她用消毒剂浸洗伤口。杀菌的；防腐的 Something that is antiseptic kills germs and harmful bacteria. These vegetables and herbs have strong antiseptic qualities. 这些蔬菜和草本植物有很强的杀菌性。exotic gztk 美 gz:tk adj. 异国的；外来的；异乎寻常的，奇异的；吸引人的 n. 舶来品(=imported goods/foreign goods)，外来物；脱衣舞女(=strip-teaser /ecdysiast ekdzst)具有异国情调的;外来的;奇异的 Something that is exotic is unusual and interesting, usually because it comes from or is related to a distant country. .brilliantly coloured, exotic flowers. 色彩斑斓的奇异花卉She flits from one exotic location to another. 她辗转于异国他乡。exotically .exotically beautiful scenery. 异常美丽的景色flit flt vi. 轻快地掠过；突然换位；迁移，离开；死亡 n. 飞掠；夜逃；偷偷搬家；非古怪的人辗转;穿梭 If you flit around or flit between one place and another, you go to lots of places without staying for very long in any of them. Laura flits about New York hailing taxis at every opportunity. 劳拉穿梭于纽约各处，一有机会就打车。He spends his time flitting between Florence, Rome and Bologna. 他辗转于佛罗伦萨、罗马和博洛尼亚三地之间。 (在不同情况间)转变，转换 If someone flits from one thing or situation to another, they move or turn their attention from one to the other very quickly. She flits from one dance partner to another. 她不断地换舞伴。Hes prone to flit between subjects with amazing ease. 他往往会轻松自如地转换话题。飞过;掠过;闪过 If something such as a bird or a bat flits about, it flies quickly from one place to another. .the parrot that flits from tree to tree. 在树木间飞来飞去的鹦鹉 (表情或念头)闪现，闪过 If an expression flits across your face or an idea flits through your mind, it is there for a short time and then goes again. He was unable to prevent a look of interest from flitting across his features. 他脸上忍不住掠过一丝感兴趣的神色。Images and memories of the evening flitted through her mind. 关于那个晚上的影像和记忆在她脑海中一一闪现。Muse mju:z 文艺、美术、音乐等的缪斯女神n. 默想 vi. 沉思；冥想 vt. 谨慎地考虑；谨慎地说沉思;冥想;若有所思地说(或写) If you muse on something, you think about it, usually saying or writing what you are thinking at the same time. 笔语Many of the papers muse on the fate of the President. 很多报纸都在揣测总统的命运。As a whole, she muses, the organized church turns me off. 她沉思道：“总的来说，我不喜欢制度森严的教会。”He once mused that he would have voted Labour in 1964 had he been old enough. 他曾思忖过，如果1964年时自己够年龄了，他就会投工党的票。musing His musings were interrupted by Montagu who came and sat down next to him. 他的沉思被走过来挨着他坐下的蒙塔古打断了。 (给画家、诗人或音乐家带来灵感的)女神，创作女神 A muse is a person, usually a woman, who gives someone, usually a man, a desire to create art, poetry, or music, and gives them ideas for it. Once she was a nude model and muse to French artist Henri Matisse. 她曾是法国画家亨利马蒂斯的人体模特和灵感女神。.the muses who fuel his inspiration. 给他以灵感的人们Brave New World美好的新世界（指社会大变动后出现的使人满怀希望的新时期，常含有讽刺意味）美丽新世界（指人们认为会带来成功和公平的刚刚出现的新局面或新制度） If someone refers to a brave new world, they are talking about a situation or system that has recently been created and that people think will be successful and fair.the brave new world of internet banking. 因特网银行业的美丽新世界meager mi:g(r) 美 mi adj. 瘦的；贫弱的；思想贫乏的；土地不毛的in AM, use 美国英语用 meager很少的;微薄的;不足的;贫乏的 If you describe an amount or quantity of something as meagre, you are critical of it because it is very small or not enough. The banks staff were already angered by a meagre 3.1% pay rise. 银行职员对只加薪3.1%已心生怒火。Their food supply is meager. 他们的食品供给少得可怜。短语 没有什么好结果；后患无穷 If you say that something is a recipe for disaster, you mean that it is very likely to have unpleasant consequences.Puritan pjrtn 美 pjrtn: pjrtn 美 pjrtn: n. 清教徒，严格的人 adj. 严格的，严肃的，清教徒的The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who lived in a very strict and religious way.pious pas 美 pas adj. 虔诚的，信神的；伪善的；尽责的，孝敬的；可赞的，好心的虔诚的；笃信宗教的 Someone who is pious is very religious and moral. He was brought up by pious female relatives. 他是由虔诚的女性亲属带大的。.pious acts of charity. 虔诚的慈善行为piously Conti kneeled and crossed himself piously. 康蒂跪下来虔诚地用手在胸前画了个十字。（言辞）不可能实现的 If you describe someones words as pious, you think that their words are full of good intentions but do not lead to anything useful being done. What we need is not manifestos of pious intentions, but real action. 我们需要的不是善意但难以实现的宣言，而是实际行动。piously The groups at the conference spoke piously of their fondness for democracy. 与会团体不切实际地谈起了对民主的热爱。假装虔诚的；伪善的 If you des