脏腑的认识(中医专业英语).doc

The Five Zang-OrganThe five zang-organs is a general term for the heart, lungs, spleen, liver and kidneys,among which the heart is the dominant one. Therefore it is said in Su Wen that the heart isthe monarch organ.”The heart is situated in the thorax，above the diaphragm, and enveloped by the pericar-dium. Its meridian connects with the small intestine to which it is internally and externally re-lated. The main physiological functions of the heart are to control the blood and vessels andgovern the mind. It opens into the tongue, manifests its conditions on the face and associatswith joy in emotions and sweat in fluids. The blood circulating in the vessels in the whole body depends on the propelling actionof the heart to nourish and moisten the body. When the heart-qi is vigorous, the blood circu-lates normally and smoothly in the vessels to supply the whole body with sufficient blood.Since the vessels are the routes through which the blood is circulating inside the body，theconditions of the vessels are prerequisite to normal blood circulation.五脏是心，肺，脾，肝和肾脏，其中心脏中占主导地位的总称。因此，苏文说，“心脏isthe君主的器官。”坐落在胸部的心脏，横膈膜以上的，笼罩的pericar介质。它的经络连接与小肠，它的内部和外部重有关。的心脏的主要生理功能是控制血液和血管andgovern的心。开窍于舌，其表现的的脸和associatswith喜悦的情绪和汗水在流体中的条件。在血管在全身的血液循环依赖于推进actionof的心，滋养和滋润身体。当心脏气旺盛，血液循环正常，顺利尖吻鲈的船只提供整个有足够的blood.Since体的船只的路线是通过身体内的血液循环，theconditions的船只的先决条件正常的血液循环。According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the normal pulsation of theheart relies on heart-qiSo only when heart-q! is sufficient can blood circulate normally in thevessels. Since the heart, blood and vessels are interconnected, the conditions of heart-qiand the amount of blood circulating in the vessels can be detected from the states of the pulseand the changes of complexion. Actually normal circulation of blood depends on the condi-tions of the blood itself. If blood is deficient and vessels are empty, it will directly affect thenormal pulsation of the heart and the normal circulation of blood. Therefore abundance ofheart-qi，adequate blood and smoothness of vessels are key to the normal circulation ofblood. If the heart-qi is insufficient, the blood deficient and the vessels unsmooth, it will in-evitably lead to symptoms such as inhibited circulation of blood or emptiness of vessels, palecomplexion，thin and weak pulse, or even stagnation of qi and blood, grayish complexion，cyanotic lips and tongue, distress or stabbing pain in the precordium.根据中国传统医学的理论，正常的脉动theheart仅依赖于心，qi.So心-Q！足够的血液循环正常的thevessels。由于心脏，血液和血管是互连的，条件的的心脏-qiand在血管内的血液循环的量可以被检测到从的pulseand肤色的变化的状态。其实正常的血液循环，取决于血液本身的条件。如果血不足，船是空的，它，将直接影响thenormal的脉动的心脏和血液的正常循环。因此，丰富ofheart气，充足的血液和血管平滑的的正常流通ofblood的关键。如果心气不足，血虚和血管不畅，这将不可避免地导致的症状，如抑制的船只，palecomplexion，薄，脉弱，甚至是停滞，气血循环的血液或空虚，灰色的肤色，发绀的嘴唇和舌头，痛苦的心前区疼痛或刺痛。Shen (spirit or mind) is an important concept in traditional Chinese medicine. In a broadsense, it refers to the outward manifestations of the life activities; in a narrow sense, it re-fers to mental activities, including spirit, consciousness and thinking, etc. The theory ofzangfu-organs holds that thinking is related to the physiological functions of the heart. Forthat reason, spirit, consciousness, thinking, memory and sleep are all related to the functionof the heart in storing the mind. Therefore Ling Shu says that the heart is the residence ofthe mind.”Blood, which is controlled, dominated and regulated by the heart, is the mainmaterial basis for mental activities. So normal physiological function of the heart to controlthe spirit or mind ensures full vitality and consciousness，agile mind and normal reponse to external stimulation. It follows that abnormal changes of the physiological function of theheart will bring on symptoms such as insomnia, dreaminess, distraction, delirium, slowreponse, amnesia, low spirit and even coma.沉（精神或心灵），是中国传统医学的一个重要概念。在一个broadsense中，它指的是生命活动的外在表现，在一个狭窄的意义上说，它重新联邦政府雇员退休制度的心理活动，包括精神，意识，思维等ofzangfu机关认为，思想理论相关的生理功能的心脏。原因Forthat，精神，意识，思维，记忆和睡眠都与的functionof的头脑中存储的心脏。因此泠叔说：“心是居住国税发心灵。”的血液，这是由心控制，支配和调节，智力活动是mainmaterial基础。因此，正常的生理功能的心脏，controlthe精神或心灵，确保全活力和意识，头脑敏捷，对外界刺激的正常反应“。的theheart的生理功能的异常变化带来的症状，如失眠，多梦，注意力分散，精神错乱，slowreponse，健忘，精神萎靡，甚至昏迷。The heart opens into the tongue. When the functions of the heart are normal，the tongueis rosy，moist and lustrous in colour; normal and sensitive in taste; free and flexible in move-ment. Disorders of the heart, on the other hand, will also be reflected on the tongue. For example, if yang-qi in the heart is insufficient, the tongue will appear light-coloured, whitish,bulgy and tender; if the blood is insufficient in the heart, the tongue will appear deep-red,thin and dry; if the heart-fire flames up, the tongue will appear reddish or even with ulcer; ifthe heart vessels are stagnant, the tongue willappear cyanotic or even with ecchymosis; ifthe physiological function of the heart in controlling the mind is abnormal，the tongue willappear curled and stiff.心开窍于舌。当的心功能是正常的，tongueis红润，滋润，有光泽的颜色，正常的和敏感的味道，自由和灵活的移动。的心脏疾病，另一方面，也可以在舌头上反映出来。例如，如果在心脏的阳气不足，舌头会出现浅色，白色，凸出的招标，如果气血不足的心脏，舌头会出现深红色，薄，干，如果心脏火焰，舌头会出现偏红，甚至有溃疡，写明心脏血管都停滞了，紫绀，甚至有瘀斑舌willappear ifthe生理功能的心脏中控制的思想是不正常的，卷曲和僵硬的舌头willappear 。Pericardium，the peripheral tissue surrounding the heart, serves to protect the heart.When exogenous pathogenic factors attack the heart, the pericardium is always the first tobe attacked. So in wen bing(seasonal febrile disease or warm disease)，the symptoms ofunconsciousness and delirium in febrile disease due to exogenous factors are termed“inva-sion of pathogenic heat into the pericardium or confusion of the pericardium.”心包，心脏周围的外周组织，旨在保护外源性致病因素heart.When攻击的心脏，心包第一砥攻击。因此，在闻冰（季节性发热性疾病或温热病），症状ofunconsciousness的发热性疾病和精神错乱由于外源性因素，被称为“入侵热邪入心包”或“心包混乱的。”The lungs，including two lobes on the left and right, are situated in the thorax, it com-municates with the throat and opens into the nose. The lung is compared to the canopy be-cause of its uppermost position among all the viscera. Its meridian is internally and externallyrelated to the large intestine. The main physiological functions of the lung are to dominate qi，control respiration, govern dispersing and descending activities and regulate water passage.The lung is related to sorrow in emotions and the skin(hair)in the exteriorThe nose is thepathway for respiration. That is why it is believed in traditional Chinese medicine that thelung opens into the nose.肺部，包括两个肺叶上的左和右，都位于胸廓，它通信与喉咙和入鼻打开。肺相比，“华盖”，因为它的最高位置，在所有的内脏。它的经络是内部和externallyrelated的大肠。的肺的生理功能主要是占主导地位，控制呼吸，气治理分散和下降，和调节水passage.The的肺悲伤情绪和外部的。鼻子是呼吸thepathway为皮肤（头发）。这就是为什么它被认为是中国传统医学，thelung开窍于鼻。The spleen is located in the zhong jiao (middle energizer) and below the diaphragm. Itsmeridian connects with the stomach with which it is exteriorly and interiorly related. Themain physiological functions of the spleen are to govern transportation and transformation，command blood and dominate muscles and limbs. It opens into the mouth and is associatedwith contemplation.in emotions and saliva in fluids.脾脏是位于钟娇（中焦）及以下的隔膜。 Itsmeridian与它的关系表里，又与胃连接。 Themain的脾的生理功能是治理交通和改造，命令血液和支配的肌肉和四肢。开窍于口，是associatedwith contemplation.in情绪和唾液中的液体。Transportation and transformation refer to the digestion，absorption and transmission ofnutrient substances. Such a function of the spleen relies greatly on the conditions of spleen-qi When spleen-qi is vigorous, digestion, absorption and transmission are normal. If spleen-q i is deficient, it may lead to poor appetite, abdominal distension, loose stool，lassitude,emaciation and malnutrition. The spleen-qi also plays an important role in keeping the bloodcirculating in the vessels and preventing extravasation. If it is weak and fails to command theblood, it may lead to various kinds of hemorrhage, such as bloody stool，uterine bleedingand purpura. The liver is located in the right hypochondriac region，below the diaphragm in and the upper abdomen. The liver meridian is connected with the gallbladder to which it is internallyand externally related. The main physiological functions of the liver are to store blood, maintain free flow of qi，control tendons and open into the eyes.运输和转化的消化，吸收和传输ofnutrient的物质。这样的功能，脾脏的脾气的条件有很大的依赖。当脾气旺盛，消化，吸收和传输是正常的。如果脾脏-Q我有缺陷，它可能会导致食欲不振，腹胀，便溏，倦怠乏力，消瘦和营养不良。脾气也起着重要的作用，保持bloodcirculating的船只及防止外渗。如果是弱碱，不能命令theblood，它可能会导致各种出血，如便血，子宫bleedingand减少性紫癜。肝脏在右胁痛区域，位于下方的隔膜和上腹部。肝经连接胆囊它internallyand外部相关。肝脏的主要生理功能是储存血液，保持气，控制筋的自由流动，并打开进入眼睛。The liver not only stores the blood, but also regulates the volume of blood in circulation.For this reason, the liver is closely related to all the activities of the viscera and tissues. Sodeficiency of liver-blood may lead to blurred vision，spasm and convulsion of the tendons andmuscles，numbness of the four limbs, oligomenorrhoea or even amenorrhoea in women. Liv-er-qi is also closely related to emotional activities. That is why dysfunction of the liver is fre-quently accompanied by emotional changes such as mental depression or excitement.肝不仅主藏血，但也是调节音量的血液中circulation.For这个原因，肝密切相关的脏器和组织的所有活动。肝脏血液Sodeficiency的可能会导致视力模糊，痉挛和抽搐的肌腱andmuscles，四肢麻木，月经过少，甚至闭经的妇女。丽芙 - 呃气也密切相关，情感活动。这就是为什么功能不全，肝是频繁的陪同下，如精神抑郁或兴奋的情绪变化。Dysfunction of the liver also affects the secretion and excretion of the bile and the diges-tive function of the spleen and stomach, often leading to dyspepsia. Whether the liver func-tion is normal or not can be reflected on the eyes. Deficiency of liver-blood, for example,may cause dryness of the eyes, blurred vision or even night blindness. Invasion of wind-heatinto the liver meridian, for another example, may result in redness, swelling and pain of theeyes.对肝功能障碍也影响胆汁和的酶切性功能健脾和胃的分泌和排泄的，往往会导致消化不良。无论是肝功能正常或不能反映对眼睛的。例如，可能会导致肝脏血液的缺失，干涩的眼睛，视力模糊，甚至出现夜盲。又例如，入侵的风heatinto肝经，可能导致发红，肿胀和疼痛的theeyes。The kidneys are situated at either side of the lumbus. The main functions of the kidneysare to store essence; control growth, development and reproduction; regulate water metab-olism；and receive qi. They open into the ears, anus and urethra. The kidneys also dominatethe bones and manufacture marrow. The kidney meridian is connected with the urinary blad-der, to which it is internally and externally related.肾脏位于在两侧的lumbus。存储本质的kidneysare的主要功能是控制生长，发育和繁殖，调节水代谢olism;和接收气。他们打开耳朵，肛门和尿道。的的肾脏也dominatethe骨头和制造骨髓。肾经与泌尿BLAD性别被连接，其内部和外部的关系。The Six Fu-OrgansThe six fu-organs refer to the gallbladder，the stomach, the large intestine，the smallintestine, the urinary bladder and the sanjiao or triple energizer. The common physiologicalfunction of the six fu-organs is to digest food and transport waste material According to theexplanation in traditional Chinese medicine, food undergoes seven passes（or gates) afterbeing taken into-the body and before being discharged from the body. In Nan Jing，theseseven passes (or gates) refer to lips (flying gate)，teeth（room gate)，epiglottis（inhalinggate)，cardiac opening of the stomach（receiving gate)，the stomach（containing gate)，large intestine and small intestine (screening gate) and anus (discharging gate)六腑器官是指胆囊，胃，大肠，smallintestine，膀胱，三焦或三焦。六腑器官的共同physiologicalfunction是对食物的消化和运输废料。据到theexplanation中国传统医学，食品，经过7个及格（或门）afterbeing考虑到的身体和之前被从体内排出。在南京，theseseven通行证（或门）是指嘴唇（飞门），牙齿（室门），胃，心脏开幕会厌（inhalinggate）（接收门），胃（含门），大肠癌和小肠（筛选门）和肛门（放电门）When taken into the stomach, food is decomposed into chyme which, after digested bythe stomach, is transported to the small intestine where it is further digested with the bileexcreted from the gallbladder. The small intestine, with its function of separating the clearfrom the turbid,”absorbs the nutrients and transports the waste down into the large intes-tine. The clear refers to nutrients of food while the turbid refers to the residues of food. Thewaste is conveyed to the large intestine where part of the liquid in the waste is absorbed andthe rest is changed into feces to be discharged through the anus.当考虑到胃，食糜，消化，并由胃后，被输送到小肠，在其中进一步与从胆囊bileexcreted的消化的食物被分解成。小肠，与功能“，分离clearfrom浊，”吸收的营养物质和向下输送的废物到大英德仕子程序中。明确是指营养素的食物，而混浊是指食物的残基。Thewaste是输送至大肠的废物中的液体的一部分被吸收，以及其余的被改变成粪便通过肛门排出。撤消修改The stomach is located in the epigastrium and is connected with the esophagus aboveand the small intestine below. The stomach meridian is connected with the spleen to which itis externally and internally related. It is composed of three parts: shangwan (the upper outletalso known as cardia)，zhongwan（the body of the stomach) and xiawan（the lower outletknown as pylorus)The main physiological function of the stomach is to receive and decom-pose food. Food enters the mouth, passes through the esophagus and is received by thestomach where it is decomposed and transmitted down to the small intestin胃位于在腹部连接食道aboveand以下的小肠。胃经与脾炎外部和内部相关。它由三部分组成：上湾（上outletalso被称为贲门），中脘（胃体）和下湾（下outletknown幽门）。对胃的主要生理功能是接收和分解对食品。食物进入口，穿过食道和接收由肚在那里它被分解并发送下降到小intestinThe small intestine is located in the abdomen. Its upper end is connected with the stom-ach and its lower end is connected with the large intestine. The small intestine meridian is connected with the heart to which it is externally and internally related. Reception and diges-tion are the main physiological functions of the small intestine. It receives and further digeststhe food transmitted from the stomach, separating the clear from the turbid, absorbing thenutrient part from the food and transmitting the residue to the large intestin位于腹部的小肠。 STOM-每一其上端连接，其下端则与大肠。与小肠经络的心脏，它的内部和外部的关系。接待和酶切小肠的主要生理功能。它可以接收和进一步digeststhe的食物从胃传输，分离的清晰的从混浊，吸收thenutrient部分，从食品和传输残留物的大intestinThe large intestine is also located in the abdomen. Its upper end is connected with thesmall intestine through the ileocecum and its lower end is connected with the anus. The largeintestine is connected with the lung to which it is externally and internally related. The mainfunction of the large intestine is to receive the waste part of food transmitted down from thesmall intestine, absorbing part of the liquid from the waste and transforming the rest intofeces to be discharged from the anus. That is why it is said in Su Wen that the large intes-tine is an organ in charge of transportation that turns the wastes into feces.大肠也位于腹部。其上端连接thesmall小肠通过回盲部和连接其下端与肛门。与肺该largeintestine是连接到其外部和内部的关系。大肠的main函数应该是接收从废物中的吸收液体的一部分食品从thesmall小肠发送，和转化其余intofeces从肛门排出的废物的一部分。这就是为什么它是苏文说，“大英德仕齿是一个机关负责运输，将废物转化为粪便。The bladder is located in the middle of the lower abdomen. Its meridian is connectedwith the kidney to which it is externally and internally related. The main function of the blad-der is to contain urine to be discharged from the body through qi activity or qi transformation.So dysfunction of the bladder may lead to such symptoms as frequent urination, urgent urina-tion and dysuria, or unsmooth and dripping urination, enuresis, incontinence of urine，andeven anuresis.膀胱是位于下腹部的中间。它的的经络是connectedwith肾脏它的内部和外部的关系。膀胱德的主要功能是包含通过气机或气transformation.So功能障碍，膀胱尿液从体内排出，可能会导致尿频，的迫切urina的和排尿困难，不畅和淋漓等症状尿频，遗尿，尿失禁，甚至尿闭。In the whole process of the transportation and transformation of water and food, the tri-ple energizer also plays an important role.在整个过程中的运输和转化的水和食物，三简单的劲也起着重要的作用。The triple energizer is the largest fu-organ in the human body. It is divided into threeparts; the upper energizer, middle energizer and lower energizer. Lei Jing says that thetriple energizer is located inside the body but beyond the viscera. It contains all the other or-gans and is the largest one in the body.”Since the triple energizer is considered as the lar-gest fu-organ in the body, it is termed solitary fu-organ.”The main function of the triple en-ergizer is to serve as a passage for the flow of yuan-qi or primordial qi and body fluid. Yuan-qi originates from the kidney, but needs the triple energizer as its pathway for distribution inorder to stimulate and promote functional activities of the viscera and tissues of the wholebody.三焦是世界上最大的福器官在人体内。它分为上焦，中焦，下焦。threeparts;位于身体内部，但超出了内脏，“thetriple劲雷，她说。它包含了所有其他的器官，是规模最大的一次身体。”被认为是三焦的武功福器官身体，它被称为“孤独的福器官。”的三重EN-ergizer的主要功能是作为元，气或元气和体液的流动的通道。袁奇来源于肾脏，但需要三焦为途径的分布序，以刺激和促进的全身脏器和组织的功能活动。撤消修改The upper energizer refers to the part above the diaphragm，including the heart, lungsand head as well. Its main physiological function is to control dispersion and distribution.Combining with the heart and the lung, the upper energizer distributes food nutrients to thewhole body to warm and nourish the skin and muscles, tendons and bones. So it is said in SuWen that the function of the upper energizer is similar to fog.”上焦指的是横膈膜以上的部分，包括心脏，lungsand头。它的主要生理功能是控制分散和distribution.Combining的心脏和肺，上焦，分发食物营养，thewhole身体温暖和滋润皮肤和肌肉，肌腱和骨骼。所以说素问“上焦的功能是类似的雾。”The middle energizer mainly refers to the part between the diaphragm and umbilicus，including the spleen，stomach, liver and gallbladder. Its main physiological functions include that of the spleen and stomach in transportation and transformation. That is why it is said thatthe middle energizer is to separate essence from the wastes and evaporate body fluid.”Such a function of the middle energizer is described in Su Wen as a froth of bubbleswhichrefers to the decomposed state of digested food.主要是指中焦的隔膜和肚脐之间的部分，包括归脾，胃，肝和胆囊。它的主要生理功能包括，健脾和胃的运输和转化。这就是为什么它是中焦thatthe说是“分离本质的废物和体液蒸发。”这样的功能，中焦苏文描述为“泡沫”泡沫whichrefers消化的食物分解后的状态。The lower energizer generally refers.to the portion located below the stomach, includingthe small intestine, large intestine，kidney and urinary bladder，etc. Its main physiologicalfunction is to discharge food residues and urine. So the function of the lower energizer isdescribed as a drainage ditch in Su Wen However, with the development of zangxiangtheory，the physiological functions of the lower energizer tend to cover the liver and kidneyessence, blood as well as primordial qi from mingmen (gate of life)下焦位于胃，includingthe小肠，大肠，肾和膀胱等下refers.to的部分其主要physiologicalfunction的食物残渣和尿液排出。因此，苏文的“臭水沟”下焦isdescribed的功能。然而，与的发展zangxiangtheory，下焦的生理功能往往会掩盖的肝脏和kidneyessence，血液以及元气命门（门的生活）。Apart from the six fu-organs, there are still a kind of fu-ograns known as the extraordi-n