商英Units 1-15词汇翻译.doc

Unit 1 The three sectors of the economyWords and Expressions7infrastructure基础建设，基础设施 aluminum 铝amusement 消遣，娱乐scatter 散开，分散mosaic 马赛克 commotion 混乱，骚动Semis半成品，半决赛bauxite 铝土矿Spout喷出，喷射Component成分，零件，要素retail outlet 零售店added value附加值Myriad无数的，多种的solid substance 固态的，固体物Pattern模式，花样on a business trip出差change course改变航向，改变路线，转向cram sth into sth放入traffic jam塞车be oblivious of 忘却give no thought to 不要去想fit into 适合，纳入，与融为一体switch on打开，启用，接入It occurs to sb to do sth 它发生在某人去做某事to the extent that 达到某种程度Three sectors of economy:Primary sector: agriculture, extraction of raw material from the earth第一产业农业，从地球提取原料Secondary sector: manufacturing industry 第二产业制造业Tertiary sector (service industry; service sector): commercial services such as banking, education, health care entertainment and tourism.第三产业服务业，商业服务比如银行，教育，健康，娱乐和旅游。Unit 2 ManagementWords and Expressionsauthoritative 权威的be acquired / be born with 被收购allocate 分配social skills 社交技巧attain 实现amend 修改modify 修改，减轻innovation 改革，创新intuition 直觉instinct 本能expertise 专家意见，专业知识技能inspire 鼓舞，激励logistics 物流persuasive 有说服力的superior / subordinate 上下级ultimate 最终，极限top manager / management 高级经理，管理Verify核实，证明set objectives设定目标as a whole整体来看，一般来说take responsibility for sth负责board of directors董事会in this fashion 以这种方式can only expect a limited life 只能指望有限生命The days of sb/sth are numbered.某人日子屈指可数come to an end 结束put into practice 实施，实行Management:1. Planning 计划，2. Organizing 组织，3. Integrating 整合，4. Measuring 测量，5. Developing people 发展人Unit 3 Company structureWords and Expressionshierarchical 等级化pyramidal 金字塔型，锥形的successive 连续的，逐次的collaboration 合作，勾结downsizing 裁员fragmentation 分裂，破碎inherent 固有的，天生的insulated 绝缘的，不受影响matrix 矩阵，模型chain of command 行政管理系统staff position 职位incompatible 矛盾，不相容decentralized 权力下放，分散overlap 重叠internal competition 内部竞争internally determined transfer prices内部转移定价authority 当权者，权威，权力autonomy, autonomous自治subsidiary 子公司report to sb向某人汇报be known as 被称为，号称be credited with 称赞be concerned with 关注pass on sth to sb传递insist on 坚持push sth down the line 强推某物run the risk of doing sth 做事担风险Functional structure of a company (departments or divisions):一个公司的功能结构（部门或单位）Production生产Finance财务Marketing营销Sales销售 Personnel / HR department 人事Unit 4 Work and motivationWords and Expressionscash register 收银机incentive 动机labor relation 劳资关系robotics 机器人技术progressive 进步的excessive 过度的checkout till 检测到corporate culture 企业文化vulnerable 脆弱working conditions 工作条件have sth to go around 有事要做be incapable of doing sth 不能做on the contrary 相反look after 照看Management styles:Theory X: Most people dislike work and must be controlled and directed to achieve the organizations goals. Theory Y: Most people like work and actively seek responsibility. Empowerment (giving employees the authority to make decisions) and enabling (giving them the tools).Satisfiers: People are dissatisfied where they do not exist.Motivators: Things that really make people work hard.Unit 5 Management and cultural diversity Words and Expressionscross-cultural management 跨文化管理globalization / localization 全球化/本土化individualist / collectivist个人主义/集体主义seniority / meritocracy: pay-for-performance 资历/精英：绩效工资sale rep销售代表humiliation 羞辱Inadequacy不足universalist 普遍主义particularist 特殊主义be aware of 意识到20 years his junior / senior小他20岁/大他20岁distinguish between 区分take precedence优先考虑 be desperate (not) to do sth 不做not any more than不比Cross-cultural management:Cultural divide between East and West: West: analysis, rationality, logic and system East: personal relations, intuition, emotion and sensitivityIndividualist vs CollectivistSeniority vs Meritocracy (pay-for-performance)Line management线性管理 vs Matrix management 矩阵管理Universalist vs ParticularistUnit 6 RecruitmentWords and Expressionsapplicant 申请者candidate 候选者CV (curriculum vitae) / resume简历job description工作说明，职位描述job vacancy 职位空缺references 参考，证明书(preliminary) short-list （初步）短名单get an interview获得面试机会ResumesChronological format 时间格式，Functional format 功能格式，Combination format 组合格式Unit 7 Labor relationsWords and Expressions(trade) union 贸易联盟industrial relations / labor relations 劳资关系recession 经济不景气bill (sb) v. charge 付费hire and fire 雇佣和解雇plump 丰满的，充裕的manual 手册，指南adversary 对手preservation 保存restraint 克制，约束tyranny 专制diminish 减少deregulate, deregulation放松，放松管制public sector 公共部门confrontational politics 对抗性政治conglomerate 企业集团articulate 清晰，善于表达compensate sb for sth 赔偿lay off 裁员To say that barely hints at the scale of the matters. 说，仅仅暗示的事件规模in accordance with 根据，与一致Unit 8 ProductionWords and ExpressionsSee Vocabulary 1bJust-In-Time: “lean production”, “stockless 及时送货，精益生产，零库存production”, “continuous flow manufacture”生产，连续制造assemble 组装，装配sabotage 破坏，捣乱throughput time 吞吐时间，生产时间production run 生产运行be faced with 面临Benefits of JIT:- Reduces transportation and inventory costs 降低运输和库存成本- Avoids waste of waiting and overproduction避免缺货和生产过剩- Shortens throughput time缩短生产时间- Notices quality problems more quickly及时关注质量问题- Reduces production lead times减少生产前置时间- Enables the company to react more rapidly to the market使公司更迅速地对市场做出反应Unit 9 ProductsWords and Expressionsaugment 增加，扩大multi-brand strategy多品牌战略brand-switcher 品牌切换product line / product mix 产品组合line-stretching / line-filling产品线拉伸/填充Niche商机excess 过剩Products and brands:Product: anything capable of satisfying a need or want: physical objects for sale, services, activities, people, places, organizations, ideas.Brand name: single name; individual brand name (multi-brand strategy).Product line: a range of similar products with same of different brand names.Product mix: all of a companys items, brands and products.Line-stretching: lengthening a product line by moving up-market or down-market.Line-filling: adding more items into a product lineUnit 10 MarketingWords and Expressionsgenetic engineering 基因工程Identify识别differential advantage差别优势market segment市场细分loyal / loyalty忠诚Undertake进行，承担market research市场调查marketing mix营销组合Expend花费integration 整合capital equipment固定设备take account of考虑到consist of由组成，包括be exposed to sth想要Marketing:Selling: use hard-selling techniques to overcome resistance and persuade consumers to by non-essential goods or servicesMarketing: find consumers wants and fill them; find unsatisfied needs and create new onesMarketing mix (“Four Ps”): product, place, promotion, priceConsumer market: people buy products for direct consumptionProducer / Industrial / Business market: acquire goods and Unit 11 AdvertisingWords and Expressionsadvertisement / advertising / ad / commercial广告billboard 广告牌sponsorship 赞助classified ad 分类广告word-of-mouth (advertising)口碑广告institutional advertising / prestige advertising机构广告/信誉广告account 账户budget 预算alternative ad 替代广告frequency 频率threshold effect门槛效应timing 时机buyer turnover 买方成交irritating 刺激性diminishing returns收益递减tend to 倾向于，往往prior to (sth)在某事前be exposed to 受到，遭受in relation to与有关，联系Advertising:Functions of advertising: inform about the existence and benefits of products and services; persuade consumers to buy them.Types of advertising:- word-of-mouth- paid - institutional / prestige 机构/信誉Procedures in setting up an advertising: agreed budget a brief advertising strategy create advertisement media plan alternative ad / pre-testing national campaign全国竞选OTS: “opportunities to see”, frequency of exposure to an ad.Threshold effect: the point at which advertising becomes effective.这一点上广告是有效的CPM: “cost per thousand”, the cost of reaching 1,000 members of the target audience.“每千人成本”，到达目标受众的1000成员的成本。Budgeting:- comparative-parity method: match their competitors spending比较检验法：匹配他们竞争者的花费- percentage of current sales revenue目前销售收入百分比Counter-productive advertisnig:创意广告- cyclical advertising周期性广告- excessive advertising过多广告Unit 12 Promotional toolsWords and Expressionsdealer / retailer经销商/零售商publicity 宣传public awareness 公众意识price-conscious 价格敏感brand-switcher品牌转换loss leader 亏本off-season buying 淡季购买maturity stage / decline stage 成熟期/衰退期services to make other goods or servicesSparingly节制，谨慎，保守brand loyalty品牌忠诚度complement 补充be made known to sb 公布于try out 试用be aimed at 针对gain entry to 进入prospecting for sth寻找某物Promotional tools:1. Advertising，public relations，sales promotion，personal sellingUnit 13 Accounting and financial statementWords and Expressions(See Vocabulary 1a & 2a)bookkeeping 记账Auditing审计，查账liability 责任turnover 周转率，流失depreciation / amortization折旧/摊销creditors / accounts receivable 债权人/应收账款debtors / accounts payable 应收账款/应付账款overhead 开销，费用shareholder / stockholder 股东会/股东Irrelevant 无关，不相干的understate / overstate 低估/高估intangible assets 无形资产goodwill 信誉，声誉accrued 积累，权责已发生的equity 股权，公平合理的nominal value 票面价值market capitalization 市值，市场资本总额Accounting:- Historical cost accounting: assets at purchase price accumulated depreciation charges = net book value.历史成本会计：资产购买价格累计折旧费=账面净值。- Current cost / Replacement cost accounting: assets at the price to be paid to replace them today.现行成本/重置成本会计：应付资产价格代替已付资产价格。- 3 statements in annual report:年度报表 - profit andloss account / income statement损益账户/收益表 - balance sheet 资产负债表 - funds flow statement, source and application of funds statement / statement of changes in financial position 现金流量表，经营活动产生的现金流量、投资活动产生的现金流量、筹资活动产生的现金流量。 Unit 14 BankingWords and Expressionsaugment 增加ATM (automated teller machine)自动取款机mortgage 抵押贷款overdraft 透支standing order / direct debit 委托书/直接借记depositor 存款人Liquidity流动资金 maturities 期限，到期日legislation 法律法规enforce 实施，执行underwrite 承保securities 证券stockbroker 股票经纪人prime rate 最优惠贷款利率credit standing / credit rating / credit worthiness 信誉/信用评级/信用solvency 偿付能力collateral 抵押，担保trade deficit 贸易逆差Banks:Commercial bank: trade in money, receive and hold