2008浙大考博英语部分试题.doc

08考博英语阅读第一篇文章出处在网上收到了一篇文章，其中红色部分我敢断定就是考卷上的内容，其他部分有点忘记了，但似很熟悉：9 e- ! |6 y0 J# m! P考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,: y6 Z0 f- g! n; v2 nThere are a variety of ways to think about the self. Two of the most widely used terms are self-concept and self-esteem. Self-concept generally refers to the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence (Purkey, 1988).0 s + g- Y2 I, Q% G考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,! q O( ( a, f) s; fSelf-esteem generally refers to how we feel about or how we value ourselves. Self-concept can also refer to the general idea we have of ourselves and self-esteem can refer to particular measures about components of self-concept. Some authors even use the two terms interchangeably. / X4 R. L# R7 P! L; $ n+ L6 t9 A+ A* l+ JZFranken (1994) states that 考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,# Q+ m/ d6 ?, z. |) t, T% i! Cthere is a great deal of research which shows that the self-concept is, perhaps, the basis for all motivated behavior. It is the self-concept that gives rise to possible selves, and it is possible selves that create the motivation for behavior (p. 443).0 M0 h/ ? zr c7 i% m7 考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,6 8 9 n1 a7 u1 DFranken (1994) suggests that self-concept is related to self-esteem in that 7 xz 3 N L& P4 F R4 R0 T8 c考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,1 U3 t& q4 I! g* y6 bpeople who have good self-esteem have a clearly differentiated self-concept. When people know themselves they can maximize outcomes because they know what they can and cannot do (p. 439).考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,3 D/ R, I8 e: 0 _; Z* F6 W7 _4 h+ f2 ?- o) t: i% UIt would seem, then, that one way to impact self-esteem is to obey the somewhat outworn cliche of Know thyself. 4 G+ h* - p. V( G. w# c0 a3 w考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,0 i+ OC9 l3 g0 t考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,We develop and maintain our self-concept through the process of taking action and then reflecting on what we have done and what others tell us about what we have done. We reflect on what we have done and can do in comparison to our expectations and the expectations of others and to the characteristics and accomplishments of others (James, 1890; Brigham, 1986). That is, self-concept is not innate, but is developed by the individual through interaction with the environment and reflecting on that interaction. This dynamic aspect of self-concept (and, by corollary, self-esteem) is important because it indicates that it can be modified or changed. Franken (1994) states / g3 c5 P9 M/ - U# t考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,- E& ! B; i7 u, T2 j0 Mthere is a growing body of research which indicates that it is possible to change the self-concept. Self-change is not something that people can will but rather it depends on the process of self-reflection. Through self-reflection, people often come to view themselves in a new, more powerful way, and it is through this new, more powerful way of viewing the self that people can develop possible selves (p. 443). |8 c, m% E; I. F( I考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,, y, u& az: 0 NO$ X4 9 2 考博论坛There are a several different components of self-concept: physical, academic, social, and transpersonal. The physical aspect of self-concept relates to that which is concrete: what we look like, our sex, height, weight, etc.; what kind of clothes we wear; what kind of car we drive; what kind of home we live in; and so forth. Our academic self-concept relates to how well we do in school or how well we learn. There are two levels: a general academic self-concept of how good we are overall and a set of specific content-related self-concepts that describe how good we are in math, science, language arts, social science, etc. The social self-concept describes how we relate to other people and the transpersonal self-concept describes how we relate to the supernatural or unknowns. $ ; 4 c m) l, E8 ; D% |# _7 , C1 a; H$ Q( wMarsh (1992) showed that the relationship of self-concept to school achievement is very specific. General self-concept and non-academic aspects of self-concept are not related to academic work; general academic achievement measures are related moderately to academic success. Specific measures of subject-related self-concepts are highly related to success in that content area. $ Q# s5 A$ I- H4 6 i2 h r3 v+ m4 E: EUsing linear discriminant analysis, Byrne (1990) showed that academic self-concept was more effective than was academic achievement in differentiating between low-track and high-track students. Hamachek (1995) also asserts that self-concept and school achievement and school achievement are related. The major issue is the direction of the relationship: does self-concept produce achievement or does achievement produce self-concept. Gage and Berliner (1992) state ) y! u t5 i1 e& A( g; # E2 C2 f* T, c# n- Y$ Athe evidence is accumulating, however, to indicate that level of school success, particularly over many years, predicts level of regard of self and ones own ability (Bridgeman & Shipman, 1978; Kifer, 1975); whereas level of self-esteem does not predict level of school achievement. The implication is that teachers need to concentrate on the academic successes and failures of their students. It is the students history of success and failure that gives them the information with which to assess themselves (p. 159).考博论坛 M+ , v# |) a& S1 e- 7 |: W2 MN. jm& 考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,If academic achievement leads to self-concept/self-esteem, but self-concept is a better predictor of being a low-track or high-track student, it would appear that there is some intervening variable. James (1890) states that the intervening variable is personal expectations. His formula is: * L$ a W9 e; + r3 X& g考博论坛% 9 K- q# $ c 9 C0 I: WSelf-esteem = Success / Pretensions. & I! Y! E P. ?( m/ c% s! z0 T1 V7 JmThat is, increasing self-esteem results when success is improved relative to expectations. An interesting corollary to this equation is that success is limited by expectations and self-esteem: 考博论坛. l8 * Y7 g2 A. d! F考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,3 p4 d- s2 n# 1 Q R; JSuccess = Pretensions * Self-esteem. ( L: j/ n l$ f- A- C* V% p) s& W6 v! U+ X2 IThis equation states that success, especially the limits of ones success, can be improved by increasing expectations and/or self-esteem. However, as noted by Gage and Berliner (1992), the research on the relationship between self-esteem/self-concept and school achievement suggests that measures of general or even academic self-concept are not significantly related to school achievement. It is at the level of very specific subjects (e.g., reading, mathematics, science) that there is a relationship between self-concept/self-esteem and academic success. Given the above formula, this suggests that success in a particular subject area is not really changing ones self-concept (knowledge of ones self) or even self-esteem (ones subjective evaluation of ones value or worth), but rather is impacting ones expecation about future success based on ones past experience. 考博论坛& Z$ E( i4 : w9 u! l6 U, g) z! l& c# 3 B; x& j/ O考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,Seligmans (1996) work on explanatory style suggests that the intervening variable connecting self-esteem and achievement is the students level of optimism or the tendency to see the world as a benevolent (good things will probably happen) or malevolent (bad things will probably happen). Franken (1994) has developed a flow chart that provides a visual model of how some of the most important affect and conative (regulatory) variables are related to personal success (see handouts).考博论坛|4 D/ QZ4 8 D% $ b C+ $ H8 O! w5 p考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,4 k) $ 2 VX以上文章出自：# L) w$ o$ D* w考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,/thread-214608-1-1.html : g H8 z8 u7 E$ h4 |: f6 P4 x- y7 J1 ; _另外一个出处：8 9 w5 ) D9 e) m5 . /Techniques/T43.pdf更为准确的完形填空原文网上搜索了一个更接近试卷上完形填空的阅读版本。我找出了几个空，其他忘掉了。3 I! z7 N g5 8 p P9 j( n8 t& 4 y考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,9 p* F* E; J8 a! N e6 H. m; _ |7 l K& A4 E5 Z- The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earths resources has brought the whole world to the drink of disaster. The overdevelopment of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and the pollution not only of local air but slao of the earths atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy * t. y2 j- l3 h( I6 r8 o2 V* |# J考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,/ l+ d t) Z$ w% n$ |; v4 Y: Q% / y考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,, Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.1 2 X* v9 # - H, j/ hE& h$ ET9 T- J, P考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,* J2 O2 O4 b, l8 This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a way in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves wholeheartedly.1 Oi+ k2 H6 U, n9 This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need ti reassess our present course, to change that coursem and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a preiceless opportunity.完型填空原文完型填空参考原文： 0 h% c2 S Z* u- e考博论坛考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,Q7 l9 Z, 3 G) s0 1 e The energy crunch, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the reckless despoiling of the earths resources has brought the whole to brink of disaster. The overdevelopment of motor transport, with its spiral of more cars, more highway, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the disintegration of the family, and the pollution not only of local air, but also of the earths atmosphere. The catastrophe has arrived in the form of the energy crunch.2 i% K$ o/ c$ w. U5 h Our present situation is unlike war, revolution, or depression. It is also unlike the great natural catastrophes of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is crucial. What we need is not a continuation of our present perilous state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems./ / x! i! O+ E# _) 4 S W4 x考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,, This country has been reeling under the continuing esposures of loss of moral integrity and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral reinvigoration and for some commitment that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the loyalty of all. In the past it has been only in a war in defense of their own ideals that any people have been able to invoke a total commitment.! f( o3 O0 , d8 md$ % U6 SH This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of the planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course, and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity08考博英语第二篇阅读题今天刚买了本06年版的大学英语六级考试标准阅读160篇，里面找到了第2篇阅读题，其他几篇没有在这本书上。当然，因为第三篇阅读题我没读，不知什么内容，所以不知道这本书里有没有。IIOVEYOU 已经发布了第4篇考题。我现在发布第二篇考题。( n4 _- P. Q7 Y# J7 N也希望热心人能够发布第一篇和第三篇考题，若觉得麻烦可以只写题目及答案。2 g# d$ N1 l( k! g# ?3 # |: d# z# L L% u+ Q! T) j6 J) Y# G& O) M, W考博论坛Every dream is a message from your unconscious self,expressed in a code which only you can understand and interpret.The images,colours,moods and terms of your dreams depend on your culture,upbringing,slang and your own understanding of things and values.Dreaming is like looking into a mirror and seeing yourself with your own eyes. T: q w0 q+ T3 I: B, vThe first dreams which we have after falling asleep often revolve around the days events.We go through them,sorting out and discarding things we dont need to remember and gaining insight into those we do.Often,we are inspired with suggestions that we can use to remedy the situations that plague us by day.As we progress through the nights dreams,they may take up more fantastic quanlities,offering fanciful experience.These often pleasant images can relieve the stress of the day.But the dream we have just before the awakening often contains information the subconscious mind wants to make known to the conscious.And this information,if remembered,interpreted,and understood,can serve as an important tool in our . 9 a5 T# 3 E$ vADepending upon the content,dreams can strike us with their peculiarty,or sometimes even their alarming nature.Some dreams haunt us for years,not only because of their persisitence,but also primarily because we cannot explain or understand them.Other dreams stand out with the weird mixture of images,emotions and context,which make us remember them for life.Recurring dreams are quite common,and we are facing the same problem over and over again.A recurring dream is often a sign of some emotional weakness in our nature,which causes us problems over the years.$ ?+ _% z& _5 O/ wLucid dreams are rare,but they are all about peoples ablility to control heir dreams.In such a dream,the dreamers becomes consciously aware that she/he is dreaming and is able to use the memory and participate in dream actions and emotions.Lucid dreams are usually enhanced in a sensory and imaginary way,and sometimes can be accompanied by pleasant music.People can learn the techniques of controlling their dreams.Some historic manuscripts and records say that the ability to control dreams helps a person to reach a higher degree of mind development.This is what some Tibetan Buddhists and Islam followers practiced for the purpose of elevation in consciousness. c: 5 S2 & K# t% Q7 v2 W P2 考博论坛% u9 Q8 E4 U; a8 7 J4 m6 I4 l0 # b1.dreams can only be understood by the dreamer because_.考博论坛# y2 J. L6 r- v l4 MA they are always based on your deep feelings.考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,, y1 ) H. X R$ nBthey are expressed in a code only you can understand.0 k1 8 M& c3 4 q; M1 Cthey are always something related to your upbringing.考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,) R9 O6 H, J; z! % w5 P4 ODthey are related to your personal culture.考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,& 4 C6 7 P! O+ i/ P* u2.According to the author, dreams_( 0 A3 z& UW N0 R: V考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,A are always about the days events,sorting out them one by one.考博论坛:最早最大的中文考博论坛,,0 a( X5 s8 I- h B% V nBare primarily meant to relieve the stress of the day.+ ?- e$ / 2 d( q% t% w- 1 e0 Care only important at the stage just before you wake up.0 f1 zlU2 s3 z; B. P5 o+ CDmove from different stages,each with different functions.考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,( J$ e4 W& ?/ a0 _4 3.Recurring dreams occur_, k0 V; s9 Z1 Q6 K8 u* O考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,A because of a repetition of event,problem or emotional weakness.考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导,,: O8 e# i$ Bbecause of a certain life situation that causes us stress./ L# x0 6 B$ m/ k/ _ N* % 7 yaCbecause we are emotionally weak.考博论坛:最早最大的中