译林版必修五Unit 1 Getting along with others grammar学案.docx

unit 1 getting along with others grammar学案动词不定式指出下列不定式在句中的成分：1. its important for us to learn english well.2. the teacher told the students to be quiet .(object complement)3. my dream is to be admitted to a key university.(predicative)4.you have every right to feel betrayed (attribute)5.she wanted to embarrass you in public(object)6.it seems you need to apologize quickly to avoid losing a friend!( adverbial object)7. , one of you has to be the first to admit (object) (attribute) i. 构成形式 动词不定式基本形式是由 “ to + 动词原形” 构成，但也有变体：主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式have been doingii. 用法要点讲解一做主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： to get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： itbe名词to do its our duty to take good care of the old. it takes sb + some time + to do to how long did it take you to finish the work? itbe形容词for sbto do (difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary) it is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. itbe形容词of sbto do (careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等), 相当于sb. is形容词to do句式 ， it is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. its kind of you to help me with my english. =you are kind to help me with my english.it seems(appears)形容词to do it seemed impossible to save money. 二、作宾语 直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等 i decided to ask for my money back. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动 词it补语to do句式。如： we think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. he feels it his duty to help the poor. 不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do时，通常省略to。e.g. 1) the bus hadnt come. we had no choice but to wait.= we could do nothing but wait. 2)the enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. on sunday afternoon i had nothing to do but watch tv. 三、做表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后可用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。e.g. our most important task now is to make a plan. 作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。e.g. the only thing we can do now is wait and see.四、作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： the next train to arrive is from washington. do you have anything to wash? 你有什么要洗吗？ do you have anything to be washed? 你有什么要（别人）洗吗？would you please give me some paper to write on? my wish to visit france has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： 1)表示将来的动作（例）。 2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。 3)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。 五、作补足语 作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求接宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、 状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。 (1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive（强迫），encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like (love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。如： would you like me to give your regards to mary? i want you to understand the whole passage clearly. (2)部分动词后常接to be形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe, consider, discover, find(=consider),feel(=think), imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, see(=understand), understand等。 we all believe john (to be) honest. i consider him (to be) one of the best teachers of no. 1 middle school. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：we consider him to have been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 i didnt hear anyone say anything about it. they make the students do too much homework every day. 在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：the students are made to do too much homework every day.(4)help后面的to可有可无。如： would you please help me (to) fill in the tax form? (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：ask for, care for, call on, count on, depend on, wait for, long for（渴望），prepare for, wish for eg. 1）you may depend on them to be there early. 2）the party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 2. 作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： he was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. the young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、作状语 作目的状语 i stayed there to see what would happen. henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. 为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： bob took down my telephone number so as (in order) not to forget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句， 如： i stayed there so that (in order that) i could see what would happen. 作原因状语在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。 we are glad to hear the news. i was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，常这样用的形容词有：interest, heavy, comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible等。如：the question raised by the student is difficult to answer. the room is really comfortable to live in. 作结果状语 we came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： soas to; suchas to im not so stupid (a fool) as to put it in writing. 我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughto the speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner. only to jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital. tooto im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列结构中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： im only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。we have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 4. 不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： to tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice （说句对他公道的话），to be sure（真的）等等。 七、其它用法 疑问词不定式结构 疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如： when to leave for london has not been decided yet. mr. smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. i asked professor xu how to learn english well. the question was where to get the medicine needed. 以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：when we shall leavehow i could learn 常用动词有：consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, hear, know, learn, observe, understand, wonder等。 动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态 一般式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： i hope to become a university student this year.（to become发生在hope之后） we often hear dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生） 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： im sorry to have kept you waiting. we are too young to have seen the old society. 进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如： the teacher happened to be correcting our papers when i came in. they seemed to be discussing something important. (2)语态 如果不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要 用被动语态形式。如： its a great honour to be invited to marys birthday party.（主语） it was impossible for lost time to be made up.（主语） i wish to be sent to work in the country.（宾语） can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（定语） he went to the hospital to be examined.（状语） 在there be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：there are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：these is nothing to do now.( we have nothing to do now.) there is nothing to be done now.(we can do nothing now.) 动名词i. 构成形式主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneii. 用法要点讲解一作主语 learning without practice is no good. 动名词做主语时，也常用it句式。如： its +no good (no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing its no good reading in dim light. its no use sitting here waiting. its形容词doing its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等，但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：its important for you to keep fit. there is no + doing there is no saying what will happen next. there is no denying that he has stolen the bike. 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于its impossible to结构。 二. 作宾语 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, dont mind, give up, insist on, put off等。如： i suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. you must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. 动名词作介词的宾语 i should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. what about inviting li jun to make a speech? 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in) doing, have no trouble(in) doing, lose no time (in) doing, prevent/stop(from)doing, there is no use(in)doing等。 三. 作定语 意为：用来的； this passage can be used as listening materials. the reading room of our school library can hold 800people. all moving bodies have energy. 第句为现在分词作定语，分词作定语与被修饰词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系， 如：the man standing at the school gate is professor smith. 四. 作表语 动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 our work is serving the people. what he likes is taking a walk after supper. the story told by mr. wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如serving the people is our work, 而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。 五. 动名词的时态、语态 (1) 时态 一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如： we are interested in collecting stamps. i shall never forget seeing the great wall for the first time. we are not afraid of dying. 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： imagine having travelled on the moon. we were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. (2)被动语态 如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动 语态，动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如： the young man came in without being noticed. he prided himself on having never been beaten in class. 有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如： the bike needs repairing. if a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 六. 动词不定式和动名词的区别 1.不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语 经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： its no good eating too much fat. its no good for you to eat so much fat. 2.动名词作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 3.部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如： begin, continue, start, hate, like, love, need, require, want等。 在need, require, want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：your handwriting needs improving (to be improved). hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为。 在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： 1)hate, like, love前有would(should)时，如：id like to have a cup of coffee. 2)当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时，如：the students are starting to work on the difficult math problem. 3)begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时，如：i soon began to understand what was happening. 4)advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定 式作宾语补足语。如： our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake. our teachers dont permit us to s