人教版选修七unit 2 robots using language课时作业（6）.docx

unit 2 robots using language课时作业阅读理解asuppose you become a leader in an organization. its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities. to do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work. lets begin with the question of why people volunteer. researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. for example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. if volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. to select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract. people also volunteer because they are required to do so. to increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. unfortunately, these programs can shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor(e. g. , “i volunteer because its important to me”)to an external factor(e. g. , “i volunteer because im required to do so”). when that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. people must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must. once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time?to answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. for instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in florida over a year. one of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. the researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”. another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view“volunteer”as an important social role. it was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “volunteering in hospital is an important part of who i am. ”consistent with the researchers expectations, they found a positive correlation(正相关)between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. these results, once again, lead to concrete advice:“once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity. . . items like t-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”. 1. people volunteer mainly out of. a. academic requirementsb. social expectationsc. financial rewardsd. internal needs2. what can we learn from the florida study?a. follow-up studies should last for one year. b. volunteers should get mentally prepared. c. strategy training is a must in research. d. volunteers are provided with concrete advice. 3. what is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?a. individual differences in role identity. b. publicly identifiable volunteer t-shirts. c. role identity as a volunteer. d. practical advice from researchers. 4. what is the best title of the passage?a. how to get people to volunteerb. how to study volunteer behaviorsc. how to keep volunteers interestd. how to organize volunteer activitiesbel nio, a spanish term for “the christ child”, was named by south american fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around christmas. el nio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round. the weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. rich countries gain more from powerful nios, on balance, than they lose. a study found that a strong nio in 1997-98 helped americas economy grow by$15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests: farmers in the midwest gained from extra rain. the total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones. but in indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. a multi-year drought(干旱)in south-east brazil is becoming worse. though heavy rains brought about by el nio may relieve the drought in california, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters. the most recent powerful nio, in 1997-98, killed around 21, 000 people and caused damage worth$36 billion around the globe. but such nios come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. according to the overseas development institute (odi), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. this is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction. simple improvements to infrastructure(基础设施)can reduce the spread of disease. better sewers(下水道)make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. according to a paper in 2011 by mr hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to el nios harmful effectsand the poorer the country, the stronger the link. though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to el nio, reducing their losses needs to be the priority. 5. what can we learn about el nio in paragraph 1?a. it is named after a south american fisherman. b. it takes place almost every year all over the world. c. it forces fishermen to stop catching fish around christmas. d. it sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean. 6. what may el nios bring about to the countries affected?a. agricultural harvests in rich countries fall. b. droughts become more harmful than floods. c. rich countries gains are greater than their losses. d. poor countries suffer less from droughts economically. 7. the data provided by odi in paragraph 4 suggest that. a. more investment should go to risk reductionb. governments of poor countries need more aidc. victims of el nio deserve more compensationd. recovery and reconstruction should come first8. what is the authors purpose in writing the passage?a. to introduce el nio and its origin. b. to explain the consequences of el nio. c. to show ways of fighting against el nio. d. to urge people to prepare for el nio. cmost damagingly, anger weakens a persons ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. the angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger. not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. the specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. in contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. we no longer regard duels(决斗)as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one persons awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another. anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. under most conditions, eeg(脑电图)measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal(额叶前部)areas. behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition(意向)that most of us possess most of the time. but when we are angry the eeg of the right and left prefrontal areas arent balanced and, as a result of this, were likely to react. and our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative. most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour:we move closer to people we like. most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour:we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. but anger is an exception to this pattern. the angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. this corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger:the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. this approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称)of eeg activity. interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感)towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. in defensive anger, in contrast, the eeg asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation. 9. the “duels” example in paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger. a. usually has a biological basisb. varies among peoplec. is socially and culturally shapedd. influences ones thinking and evaluation10. what changes can be found in an angry brain?a. balanced electrical activity can be spotted. b. unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas. c. electrical activity corresponds to ones behaviour. d. electrical activity agrees with ones disposition. 11. which of the following is typical of offensive anger?a. approaching the source of anger. b. trying to control what is disliked. c. moving away from what is disliked. d. feeling helpless in the face of anger. 12. what is the key message of the last paragraph?a. how anger differs from other emotions. b. how anger relates to other emotions. c. behavioural responses to anger. d. behavioural patterns of anger. 参考答案及全解全析a语篇解读本文为说明文, 题材为社会生活类, 内容是分析影响志愿者参与志愿者活动并坚持下去的原因。1. d推理判断题。根据文章第二段的内容可知, 人们做志愿者主要是出于内在(internal)需求。2. b推理判断题。根据文章第四段的内容可知志愿者“必须做好心理上的准备”, 故选b。3. c推理判断题。根据第五段第一、二句可知最有可能激励志愿者继续工作的是role identity。4. a主旨大意题。本文分析了人们参与并坚持志愿者活动的原因, 所以“如何让人们参与志愿者活动”是最好的标题, 故选a。b语篇解读本文是一篇说明文, 主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象名称的由来、发生的时间、造成的影响, 督促人们加强风险前资金的投入, 改进基础设施, 为厄尔尼诺现象的发生做好准备。5. d细节理解题。根据文章第一段的el nio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round. 可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了大海中水流方向的变化。故选d。6. c细节理解题。根据文章第二段的rich countries gain more from powerful nios, on balance, than they lose. 可知总的来说富裕国家收获的比失去的多, 故c项正确。7. a推理判断题。根据文章第四段第三句according to the overseas development institute (odi), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance. . . 可知在过去二十年里仅有12%的灾难救济资金用于提前降低风险, 因此第四段旨在说明应该投入更多的资金来降低风险。8. d主旨大意题。综合全文内容并结合文章最后一段可知本文旨在督促人们为厄尔尼诺现象