通信基础知识汇集_光通信部分.doc

通信基础知识汇集1 常用缩语2F MS-SPRing 2-Fiber Multiplex Section-Shared Protection Ring 两纤复用段共享保护环2F-BLSR 2-Fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring 两纤双向链形倒换环4F MS-SPRing 4-Fiber Multiplex Section-Shared Protection Ring 四纤复用段共享保护环4F-BLSR 4-Fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring 四纤双向链形倒换环4F-VLSR 4-Fiber Virtual Line Switched Ring 四纤虚拟线路倒换环AA Account Administrator 账户管理员ACO Alarm Cutoff 告警截断ADM Add/Drop Multiplexer 分插复用器AID Access Identifier 接入标识符AIS Alarm Indication Signal 告警指示信号AIS-L Alarm Indication Signal，Line (detected at the line layer) 线路层告警指示信号AIS-P Alarm Indication Signal，Path (detected at the path layer) 通道层告警指示信号ALS Automatic Laser Shutdown 自动激光关闭AMF APS Mode Mismatch Failure APS 模式失配故障AMI Alternate Mark Inversion 传号交替反转码ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准协会APD Avalanche Photodiode 雪崩光电二极管API Access Point Identifier 接入点标识APS Automatic Protection Switching 自动保护倒换ARC Alarm Reporting Control 报警控制ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit 专用集成电路ASN Abstract Syntax Notation 抽象句法记法ASNCP Arbitrary Subnetwork Connection Protection 任意子网连接保护ASON Automatically Switched Optical Network 自动交换光网络ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步转移模式AU Administrative Unit 管理单元AU-AIS Administrative Unit-Alarm Indication Signal 管理单元告警指示信号AUG Administration Unit Group 管理单元组AU-n Administration Unit level n N 阶管理单元AU-PTR Administration Unit Pointer 管理单元指针AU-RFI Administrative Unit-Remote Failure Indication 管理单元远端失效指示A-VLSR Asymmetric Virtual Line Switched Ring 不对称虚拟线路倒换环B8ZS Bipolar with 8-Zero Substitution 八连零置换双极性码BBE Background Block Error 背景误码块BBE-FE Background Block Error-Far End 远端背景误码块BBE-NE Background Block Error-Near End 近端背景误码块BBE-PFE Background Block Error-Path Far End 通道远端背景误码块BBE-PNE Background Block Error-Path Near End 通道近端背景误码块BBER Background Block Error Ratio 背景块差错比BER Bit Error Ratio 误比特率BITS Building Integrated Timing Source 大楼综合定时供给BLSR Bidirectional Line Switched Ring 双向链形倒换环BML Business Management Layer 事务管理层BOD Bandwidth on Demand 按需带宽分配，服务提供者按照用户的需CAC Call Admission Control 呼叫允许控制CAS Channel Associated Signaling 随路信令CBR Bridge and Roll Connections 桥接连接CBR Constant Bit Rate 固定比特率CCI Connection Controller Interface 连接控制接口CCS Common Channel Signaling 共路信令CDM Code Division Multiplexing 码分复用CFU Cooling Fan Unit 冷却风扇单元CID Command line Identifier 命令行标识符CLEI Common Language Equipment Identifier 通用语言设备标识码CLI Command Line Interface 命令行接口CLNP Connectionless Network Protocol 无连接网络协议CLP Cell Loss Priority 信元丢失优先级CMF Channel Mismatch Failure 通道失配故障CMI Coded Mark Inversion 编码信号反转码C-n Container- n N 阶容器CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture 公共对象请求代理体系结构CP Connection Provisioner 连接分配者CP Control Plane 控制平面CPP Control Plane Processor 控制平面处理器CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CR Carriage Return 回车CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余校验CSDP Channel State Dependent Packet Scheduling 通道状态决定包调度CSM Core Switching Manager 核心交换管理器CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection 载波侦听多址访问/碰撞检测CSPF Constrained Shortest Path First 业务平面基于约束的最短路径优先CTP Connection Termination Point 连接终端点CV Code Violation 编码违例CV-FE Code Violation-Far End 远端编码违例CV-NE Code Violation-Near End 近端编码违例CV-P Code Violation-Path 通道层编码违例CV-PFE Code Violation-Path Far End 通道远端编码违例DB Data Base 数据库DBMS Data Base Management System 数据库管理系统DC Direct Current 直流电DCC Data Communication Channel 数据通信信道DCE Data Circuit-terminating Equipment 数据电路终端设备DCE Data Communication Equipment 数据通信设备DCF Data Communications Function 数据通信功能DCN Data Communications Network 数据通信网DDF Digital Distribution Frame 数字配线架DDN Digital Data Network 数字数据网DGD Differential Group Delay 差分群时延DLL Dynamic Link Libraries 动态链接库DNA Distributed Network Architecture 分散网络结构DNI Dual Node Interconnection 双节点互连DPFI Data Plane Fault Isolation 业务平面故障隔离DQDB Distributed Queue Double Bus 分布式排队双总线DS1 Digital Signal level 1 1 级数字信号DTE Data Terminating Equipment 数字终端设备DTL Designated Transit List 指定转接列表DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing 密集波分复用DXC Digital Cross Connection 数字交叉连接EB Error Block 误码块ECC Embedded Control Channel 嵌入控制通道EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 电可擦除可编程只读存储器EM Element Management 网元管理EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility 电磁兼容EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference 电磁干扰EML Element Management Layer 网元管理层EMS Element Management System 单元管理系统EMS Element Management System 网元管理系统E-NNI External Network-Network Interface 外部网络-网络接口EOS Ethenet Over SDH 基于SDH网络的以太网EPL Ethernet Private Line 以太网专线ES Error Second 误码秒ESD Electronic Static Discharge 静电放电ESF Extended Super Frame 扩展超级帧ES-FE Errored Second-Far End 远端误码秒ES-NE Errored Second-Near End 近端误码秒ES-PFE Errored Second-Path Far End 通道远端误码秒ES-PNE Errored Second-Path Near End 通道近端误码秒ESR Error Second Ratio 误码秒比ETS European Telecommunication Standards 欧洲电信标准ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute 欧洲电信标准协会EXC Excessive Bit Error Ratio 误码率越限FAS Frame Alignment Signal 帧定位信号FC Failure Count 失效计数FC-FE Failure Count-Far End 远端失效计数FC-NE Failure Count-Near End 近端失效计数FC-PFE Failure Count-Path Far End 通道远端失效计数FC-PNE Failure Count-Path Near End 通道近端失效计数FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface 光纤分布式数据接口FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing 频分复用FE Fast Ethernet 快速以太网FEBBE Far End Background Block Error 远端背景误码块FEC Forward Error Correction 前向误码纠错FEES Far End Errored Second 远端误码秒FEPLF Far-End Protection Line Failure 远端保护线路故障FESES Far End Severely Errored Second 远端严重误码秒FTAM File Transfer and Access Management 文件传输和接入管理FTP File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议GE Gigabit Ethernet 千兆以太网GFP Generic Framing Procedure 通用成帧规程GFP-F Frame-mapped GFP 帧映射模式通用成帧规程GMPLS Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching 通用（广义）多协议标记交换GND Ground 地线GNE Gateway Network Element 网关网元GTP Group Termination Point 组终端点GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户接口HA DCN High Availability Digital Communication Network 高可用性数据通信网络HDB3 High Density Bipolar of order 3 三阶高密度双极性码HDLC High Digital Link Control 高级数据链路控制HIR Hold In Reset 保持复位HPC Higher order Path Connection 高阶通道连接HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol 热备份路由器协议HW High-Way 母线IDL Interface Definition Language 接口定义语言IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 国际电工技术委员会IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 电气与电子工程师学会IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Internet 工程任务组IG Information Group 信息组IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem IP多媒体子系统I-NNI Internal Network-Network Interface 内部网络-网络接口IP Internet Protocol 因特网协议IPCC IP Communication Channel IP 通信通道IPCC IP Control Channel IP 控制通道IS-IS Intermediate System-Intermediate System 中间系统中间系统ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟ITU-T International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector 国际电信联盟电信标准部L2 Layer 2 第二层（协议）LAN Local Area Network 本地网LAN Local Area Network 局域网LAPD Link Access Procedure for D channel D通道链路接入规程LAPS Link Access Procedure for SDH SDH 链路访问规程LBC Laser Bias Current 激光器偏置电流LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment SCEheme 链接容量调整方案LCD Loss of ATM Cell Delineation 丢失ATM 信元定界LCP Link Control Protocol 链路控制协议LCT Local Craft Terminal 本地维护终端LF Line Feed 换行LIP Local Information Packet 本地信息包LM Line Module 线路板LMP Link Management Protocol 链路管理协议LOF Loss of Frame 帧丢失LOH Line Overhead 线路开销LOM Loss Of Multiframe 复帧丢失LOP Loss of Pointer 指针丢失LOP-P Loss of Pointer-Path (detected at the path layer) 通道层指针丢失LOS Loss of Signal 信号丢失LPC Lower order Path Connection 低阶通道连接LR Long Reach 长距LSMR Local Span Mesh Restoration 本地跨段Mesh 恢复LSP Label Switched Path 标签交换路径LTE Line Terminating Equipment 线路终端设备LTP Link Termination Point 链路终端点MAC Medium Access Controll 介质访问控制MAN Metropolitan Area Network 城域网MCF Message Communication Function 消息通信功能MCP Management Communication Network 管理通信网MCU Micro Control Unit 微处理器MD Mediation Device 协调设备MF Mediation Function 协调功能MII Medium Independent Interface 独立于介质的接口MM Multi Mode 多模（光纤）MP Management Plane 管理平面MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching 多协议标记交换MS Multiplex Section 复用段MS-AIS Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal 复用段告警指示信号MSOH Multiplex Section Overhead 复用段开销MSP Multiplex Section Protection 复用段保护MS-PSC Multiplex Sections Protection Switching Count 复用段保护倒换计数MS-RDI Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication 复用段远端缺陷指示MS-SPRing Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring 复用段共享保护环MST Multiplex Section Terminal 复用段终端MSTE Multiplex Section Terminating Equipment 复用段终结设备MSTP Multi-Service Transport Platform 多业务传送平台MTIE Maximum Time Interval Error 最大时间间隔误差NA Not Available 不可用NE Network Element 网元NEF Network Element Function 网络单元（网元）功能NEL Network Element Layer 网元层NFAS Non-FAS 非帧定位信号NM Node Manager 节点管理器NML Network Manager Layer 网络管理层NMS Network Management System 网络管理系统NNI Network-to-Network Interface 网络-网络接口NRZ Non-Return to Zero 不归零码NSA Non-Service-Affecting 非影响服务OAM Operation，Administration and Maintenance 操作管理与维护OAM&P Operations， Administration， Maintenance， and Provisioning 操作、管理、维护和配置OC-N， N=1， 3， 12，48， 192 Optical Carrier level N， N=1， 3， 12， 48， 192 光载波等级N。SONET 体制的的速率标准， OC-N， N=1， 3， 12， 48， 192 相当于 STM-N，N=0， 1， 4， 16， 64 OCTP OSRP Connection Termination Point OSRP 连接终端点OCXO Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator 恒温晶振ODF Optical Distribution Frame 光配线架OFS Out of Frame Sencond 帧失步秒OIF Optical Interworking Forum 光互联论坛OLTP OSRP Link Termination Point OSRP 链路终结点OOF Out of Frame 帧失步ORB Object Request Broker 对象请求代理程序ORP Optical Routing Protocol 光路由协议OS Operation System 操作系统OSF Operation System Function 操作系统功能OSI Open System Interconnect 开放系统互连OSP Optical Signaling Protocol 光信令协议OSPF Open Shortest Path First 开放式最短路径优先协议OSPF-TE Open Shortest Path First Traffic Engineering 开放式最短路径优先协议流量工程扩展OSRP Optical Signaling and Routing Protocol 光信令和路由协议OSS Operational Support System 运营支撑系统O-UNI Optical User-Network Interface 光用户网络接口OVPN Optical Virtual Private Network 光虚拟专用网PC Permanent Connection 永久连接PCB Printed Circuit Board 印制电路板PCM Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲编码调制PCV Path Code Violation 通道编码违例PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 准同步数字系列PDI-P Payload Defect Indication-Path (detected at the path layer) 通道层净荷缺陷指示PDU Power Distribution Unit 电源分配单元PES Path Errored Second 通道误码秒PFE Path Far End 通道远端PG Protection Group 保护组PGND Protection GND 保护接地PHY physical Layer Device 物理层设备PJ Pointer Justification 指针调整PJE- Pointer Justification Event 负指针调整事件PJE+ Pointer Justification Event + 正指针调整事件PJ-FE Pointer Justification-Far End 远端指针调整PLL Phase-Lock Loop 锁相环PLM PayLoad Mismatch 净荷失配PM Performance Monitoring 性能监控POH Path Overhead 通道开销POS Packet Over SDH 基于SDH 网络的包交换PPP Point-to-Point Protocol 点到点协议PRC Primary Reference Clock 一级参考（基准）时钟PSBF Protection Switching Byte Failure 保护倒换字节故障PSC Protection Switch Count 保护倒换次数PSC-FE Protection Switch Count-Far End 远端保护倒换计数PSD Protection Swtich Duration 保护倒换持续时间PSD-FE Protection Switch Duration-Far End 远端保护倒换持续时间P-SNC Permanent Subnetwork Connection 永久子网连接PTE Path Terminating Equipment 通道终端设备PTP Physical Termination Point 物理终端点PWE3 Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge 边缘到边缘的伪线仿真QA Q Adaptor Q 适配器QAF Q Adapor Funtion Q 接口适配功能QoS Quality of Service 服务质量QoS Quality of Service 服务质量R.M.S Root Mean Square 均方根RAM Random Access Memory 随机存取存储器RDI Remote Defect Indication 远端缺陷指示RDI-L Remote Defect Indication - Line (detected at the line layer) 线路层远端缺陷指示RDI-P Remote Defect Indication - Path (detected at the path layer) 通道层远端缺陷指示REG Regenerator 再生器REI Remote Error Indication 远端差错指示 远端误码块指示RFI Remote Failure Indication 远端失效指示RFI Remote Frame Indicator; Remote Fault Indicator 远端故障指示RFI-L Remote Failure Indication-Line (detected at the line layer) 线路层远端故障指示RFI-P Remote Failure Indication-Path (detected at the path layer) 通道层远端故障指示RIP Router Information Protocol 路由信息协议RMII Reduced Medium Independent Interface 简化的独立于介质的接口RS Regenerator Section 再生段RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead 再生段开销RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol 资源预留协议RSVP-TE RSVP with Traffic Engineering extensions 资源预留协议流量工程扩展RTU Right To Use 使用权SA Service-Affecting 影响服务SAR Segmentation and Reassembly 分段与重组SC Switched Connection 交换连接SCN Signaling Communication Network 信令通信网SD Signal Degrade 信号劣化SD-BER Signal Degrade-Bit Error Ratio 信号劣化误码率SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 同步数字体系SD-P Signal Degrade - Protection 信号劣化保护SEC SDH Equipment Clock SDH 设备时钟SEFS Severely Errored Framing Second 严重误码帧秒SEMF Synchronous Equipment Manage Function 同步设备管理功能SES Severely Errored Second 严重误码秒SES-FE Severely Errored Second-Far End 远端严重误码秒SES-NE Severely Errored Second-Near End 近端严重误码秒SES-PFE Severely Errored Second-Path Far End 通道远端严重误码秒SES-PNE Severely Errored Second-Path Near End 通道近端严重误码秒SESR Severely Errored Second Ratio 严重误码秒比SETS Synchronous Equipment Timing Source 同步设备定时源SF Signal Fail 信号失效SF Super Frame 超级帧SF-BER Signal Fail-Bit Error Ratio 信号失效误码率SF-P Signal Fail-Protection 信号失效保护SFP Small Form Factor Pluggable 小封装可热插拔SLA Service Level Agreement 服务水平协议SM Single Mode 单模（光纤）SMCC Sub-network Management Control Center 子网管理控制中心SMF Single Mode Fibre 单模光纤SML Service Management Layer 业务管理层SMN SDH Management Network SDH 管理网SMS SDH Management Sub-Network SDH 管理子网SMT Surface Mount Technology 表面贴装技术SNC Subnetwork Connection 子网连接SNC Subnetwork Connection 子网连接SNC/I Subnetwork Connection Protection with Inherent monitoring 固有监视的子网连接保护SNC/N Subnetwork Connection Protection with Non-intrusive monitoring 非介入监视的子网连接保护SNCP Subnetwork Connection Protection 子网连接保护SNCP Subnetwork Connection Protection 子网连接保护SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol 简单网络管理协议SOH Section Overhead 段开销SONET Synchronous Optical Network 同步光网络SPC Soft Permanent Connection 软永久连接，半永久连接SPRING Shared Protection Ring 共享保护环SR Short Reach 短距SRLG Shared Risk Link Group 共享风险链路组SSF Service Signal Fail 服务信号失效SSM Synchronization Status Message 同步状态消息SSU Synchronization Supply Unit 同步供给单元STE Section Terminating Equipment 段终端设备STM Synchronous Transport Module 同步传送模块STM-N Synchronous Transport Module Leve-NSTP Shielded Twisted-Pair 屏蔽双绞线STS Synchronous Transport Signal 同步传送信号TAL Test Access Link 测试接入链路TAP Test Access Port 测试接入端口TARP TID Address Resolution Protocol TID 地址解析协议TBU Transport Bandwidth Unit 传送带宽单元TCA Threshold Crossing Alarm 阈值越限告警TCP Transmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议TDEV Time Deviation 时间偏差TDM Time Division Multiplex 时分复用TGS Time Generator Subsystem 定时发生器子系统TID Target Identifier 目标标识符TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch 跟踪标识失配TIM-P Section Trace Mismatch， Path 通道层跟踪标识失配TL-1 Transaction Language 1 事务处理语言1TLSR Transoceanic Line Switched Ring 越洋线路倒换环TM Terminal Multiplexer 终端复用器TM Timing Module 时钟板TMN Telecommunciations Management Network 电信管理网TNA Transport-Network Assigned 传送网络分配TNE Transport Network Element 传输网元TOH Transport Overhead 传送开销TP Termination Point 终结点TP Transport Plane 传送平面TPFI Timing Plane Fault Isolation 定时平面故障隔离TS Troubleshooter 故障排除者TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic 晶体管-晶体管逻辑（电路）TTP Trail Termination Point 路径终端点TU Tributary Unit 支路单元TUG-m Tributary Unit Group level m m 阶支路单元组TU-m Tributary Unit level m m 阶支路单元UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter 通用异步收发器UAS Unavailable Second 不可用秒UAS-FE Unavailable Second-Far End 远端不可用秒UAS-NE Unavailable Second-Near End 近端不可用秒UAS-PFE Unavailable Second-Path Far End 通道远端不可用秒UAS-PNE Unavailable Second-Path Near End 通道近端不可用秒UBR Unspecified Bit Rate 未定比特率UNEQ UN-Equipped 未装载UNEQP Unequipped 未装载UNI User Network Interface 用户网络接口UNI User Network Interface 用户网络接口UNI-C Client side of UNI 在客户设备上终止UNI 信令的逻辑实体UNI-C User-Network Interface-Client UNI 客户侧UNI-N Network side of UNI 在传送网络上终止UNI 信令的逻辑实体UNI-N User-Network Interface-Network UNI 网络侧UPC Usage Parameter Control 用户参数控制UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply 不中断电源UPSR Unidirectional Path Switched Ring 单向通道倒换环VBR Variable Bit Rate 可变比特率VC Virtual Channel 虚通道VC Virtual Container 虚容器VCI Virtual Channel Indicator 虚通道标识符VC-n Virtual Container leverl n n 阶虚容器VC-N Virtual Container， level N 虚容器VCXO Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator 压控晶振VDN Virtual Data Network 虚拟数据网VLAN Virtual Local Area Network 虚拟局域网VLSR Virtual Line Switched Ring 虚拟线路倒换环VP Virtual Path 虚通路VPG VP Group VP 组VPI Virtual Path Indicator 虚通路标识符WAN Wide Area Network 广域网WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing 波分复用WS Work Station 工作站WSF Work Station Function 工作站功能WTR Wait-to-Restore 等待恢复XCON Cross Connection 交叉连接ZXMP Zhong Xing Metrotransmission Platform 中兴城域传送平台求提供可以使用的带宽2 PCM2.1 多路复用技术多路复用技术，作为提高线路利用率的主要手段，目前主要包括频分复用（FDM）、时分复用（TDM）和码分复用（CDM）。n 频分复用系统中每路终端信号占用不同的频率段。n 时分复用系统中每路终端信号占用不同的时间段。n 码分复用系统中每路终端信号使用不同的随机码序列。2.2 语音信号的数字化对于时间上连续的模拟语音信号，要实现时分复用，就要先将模拟信号转换为时间上离散的信号，即模拟信号数字化。PCM（Pulse Code Modulation，脉冲编码调制）就是一种常用的模拟信号数字化技术，PCM系统的方框图如图 1所示。图 1 PCM系统的方框图如图 1所示，PCM通信系统由三部分组成：n 发送端：包括低通滤波、抽样、量化和编码（即模数变换）；n 信道部分：包括传输线路和再生中继；n 接收端：包括信号再生和数模变换，而数模变换又包括解码和低通滤波。PCM基本单元完成的信号处理过程如下：1) 抽样：所谓抽样就是每隔一定的时间间隔T，抽取模拟信号的一个瞬时浮动值（抽样值）。抽样后所得的一系列在时间上离散的抽样值，称为抽样值序列。根据奈奎斯特抽样定理，只要抽样脉冲的时间间隔T1/2fm，即抽样频率fs2fm（fm 是模拟信号的最高频率），则抽样后的样值序列可以不失真地还原成原来的模拟信号。2) 量化：量化是将幅度连续的抽样值，通过相应的办法变换为幅度离散的样值序列，这样就能用有限位的二进制数字来表示信号的幅度。3) 编码和解码：编码是将抽样并量化后的信号幅度值变换成一组二进制码元。解码是将一组二进制码元还原成相应信号幅度的量化值。2.3 PCM系统在实现了模拟信号的PCM数字化后，可以进一步实现多路终端信号的时分复用。将信道按抽样周期T加以分割，得到的时间段称为帧，再将帧等分成N个小时间段，每个小时间段T/N称为时隙。在一帧内，为每一路终端信号分配一个时隙，多路终端信号交替传送，就实现了信道的PCM复用。根据ITU-T建议，话音信号（300Hz3400Hz）的抽样频率为8kHz，抽样值量化级数为256，抽样值编码位数为8，所以单路话音PCM信号的传输速率为88kbit/s=64kbit/s。对于PCM基群（一次群），目前国际上有两种复用制式：30/32路帧结构和24路帧结构。我国采用的是30/32路帧结构，即每一帧占125s，分为32个时隙，但只传送30路话音信息，一次复用后的基群复用速率为3264kbit/s=2048kbit/s=2.048Mbit/s，也就