机械工程专业英语第二课.doc

机械工程专业英语 第二课翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selection 要提高译文的质量， 使译文达到“准确”、“简练”、“通顺”这三个标准，就必须学习翻译技巧。翻译的技巧就是在翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法。如词的选择、词义的引伸、增词、减词、转换词类、改变句子结构、变更词序和改换译法等。一、词义的选择 词义的选择实际就是英语词在特定句子中的词义的判断和确定。词在特定句子中的确切含义，在很大程度上取决于上下文。也就是说，词的含义必须根据词在句子中的作用词的搭配习惯以及词的应用场合予以判断和确定。一般可从下列几个方面去判断。 翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selection1、根据词类判断词义英语中，有些词用作不同的词类时，其词义有时是不相同的。因此我们可根据词类来确定词义。l Every metal part is of great importance to machines.每一个金属部件对机器都是很重要的。(n)l Aluminum machines faster than other metals.铝加工起来比其它金属快。(v)l icroprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. 微机检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。(v)l The patient was connected to a television wave monitor.病人的情况曾通过波形监视器监视。 (n) 翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selection2、根据上下文选择词义严格说来，孤立的一个词很难确定它是什么意思，因为同一个词在不同的场合可能具有不同的意义，因此有些词必须根据上下文来确定其词义。l The countrys industry has developed quickly in the last decade. 过去十年里，我国工业迅猛发展。l To develop the instrument, many experts were invited.在研制这种仪器时请了许多专家。l The function of the engine is to develop the necessary power. 发动机的功用就是产生所需要的动力。翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl This cooling system failed. 这个冷却系统失效了.l Newtons laws fail to describe the motion of electrons in atoms. 牛顿的一些定律未能阐述电子在原子里的运动。l If the beam fails, the top layers of the supports will be crushed and the bottom layers torn.如果桥梁垮断，则支柱的上面几层会压垮，而下面会破裂。l Few metals occur free. 金属呈游离状态的很少。l One of the parts worked free. 有一个部件松了。翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selection3、根据专业内容选择词义 英语中，同一个词在不同的专业中往往具有不同的词义。因此，在判断英语词的词义时，必须考虑到英语著作阐述的内容所涉及的概念属于哪个学科、哪个专业的。例：powerpower brake 自动制动器power stroke 工作行程power shaft 传动轴rated power 额定功率power source 电源power fuel 发动机燃料power tool 电动工具power feed 自动进给power unit 动力头;功率单位 power country 大国翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。l To drive machines requires power. 开动机器需要动力。l The power of such a battery is therefore about 30 watts.因而这种电池的功率约为三十瓦。l China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers.尽管中国被看作是核大国之一，但中国决不会首先使用核武器。翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl We have finished repairing that pump.我们已经结束了对水泵的修理。l These workpieces must be finished on a grinder.这些工件必须在磨床上精加工。l These methods convert raw plastic into finished products. 这些方法均可把塑料原料变为成品。l The stock market crash finished many speculators.股票市场暴跌使许多投机者破产翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selection4、根据搭配选择词义1)形容词与名词的搭配：一个形容词与不同的名词搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，可根据与其搭配的名词来确定形容词的词义。例：physical: 物质的，物理的，体力的，实际的physical change ；physical circuit ;physical science 物理变化实际电路 自然科学 physical constant; physical contact; physical design 物理常数直接接触 机械的结构设计physical exercise; physical construction; 体育活动、体操 机械结构physical address实际地址翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl Everything in our physical world is continually changing.我们的物质世界的一切都在不断地变化着。l A cutaway view showing the physical relationship of these elements is shown in Fig. 2.表示这些部件的实际关系的剖视图表示于图2中。l Relations between physical quantities are usually given in the form of equations.物理量之间的关系通常用公式表示。l The job of an engineer is to take knowledge and make physical use of it.工程师的工作是掌握知识并加以实际的应用。翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selection2）动词与名词的搭配：一个动词与不同的名词搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，要根据名词来确定动词的词义。例：make:做，制造make a recording make readings make a circuit录音 取读数构成电路,接通电路make a calculation make n turns make a change进行计算转圈改变make measurements 进行）测量翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl This makes a close circuit.这就构成了一个闭合电路。l They often make innovations in old machines and equipment.他们经常对旧机器和旧设备进行革新。l Scales can also be used to make calculations.天平也可用来进行计算。l When your flashlight stops making enough light, what do you do with it?当你的手电筒不能发出足够亮的光时，你该怎么办呢？翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selection3) 动词与介词（或副词）的搭配：一个动词与不同的介词（或副词）搭配，就具有不同的词义。因此，可根据动词后面的介词（或副词）来确定该动词短语的词义。例：turn 转动，旋转turn on turn off turn up turn over打开关闭举起，占有，翻转turn into turn over turn out turn to把转化为接收生产变成，转向翻译的基本方法 词义的选择Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl Dont turn off the lamp.请不要关灯。l When you turn on the switch, the circuit closes.当你打开开关时，电路就闭合。l When heated, water turns into steam.水受热时变为蒸汽。l This factory turned out a large horizontal boring mill in 1979.这家工厂在1979年生产了一种大型卧式镗铣床。l Please turn to page 5. 请翻到第五页。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2 Weight is the force with which a body is attracted to the earth or another celestial body, equal to the product of the objects mass and the acceleration. Particle A particle is a body whose dimensions are so small that they may be neglected. Rigid Body All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by force When the deformation of such bodies is small，they are frequently assumed to be rigidi.e., incapable of deformation，in order to simplify the analysis机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learningbe attracted to 吸引，有吸引力，引起注意l Magnetic poles are attracted to their opposites.正反磁极互相吸引product 乘积, 产品，产物 l Most of this kind of industrial products are sold abroad.这种工业产品大部分销往国外。finished products 成品，product accumulator 乘积累加器，机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learningbe neglected 忽视，忽略 (ignore , disregard) negligible 微不足道l The losses due to leakage past the pistons can be neglected ( ignored / disregarded ) since they are negligible. 由活塞漏气造成的损耗可以忽略不计，因为这些损耗是微不足道的deform 变形 （deformation）l There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force. 在力的作用下，没有一种材料不或多或少产生一定的变形。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2assume 假定，假设 , 假如（suppose, if）( assumption)l It is assumed that the gas temperature in the cylinder is constant. 假定气缸中气体的温度不变。l Suppose / if that “V” is the velocity of the steam, then R is its relative velocity. 假如“V”是蒸气的速度，则“R”就是它的相对速度。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2 Deformable Body the rigid-body assumption cannot be used when internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces are to be analyzed Thus we consider the body to be capable of deformingSuch analysis is frequently called elastic-body analysis，using the additional assumption that the body remains elastic within the range of the applied forces Newtons Laws Newtons three 1aws are： Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced，the particle with either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity 机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learningdue to 由于，应归于，因为 （作为复合介词用）l The metal rod is bended due to the force action.由于力的作用，金属杆弯曲了。表示原因的的词或词组还有：Because (语气最强，表示直接的原因)since (语气稍弱，表示已知的原因)as (语气更弱，表示明显的原因)In view of / on account of / owing to / seeing that /表示“由于”起连词作用。上述词或词组引出原因状语从句。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learningl Since the compensating jet is larger, it can supply more petrol. 由于补偿喷嘴较大，它能供给较多的汽油。be analyzed 分析，解析l The main experimental problems are also analyzed with the method of ultra-low-frequency measurements.用这种超低频测量方法分析了主要的实验问题。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learningremain 保持, 保留, 剩余 ( retain , keep)l Permanent magnets are capable of remaining their magnetism indefinitely.永久磁铁能够永久保留磁性。balance 平衡，衡量l The balance of nature is upsetted through the use of insecticides. 由于杀虫剂的使用破坏了自然界的平衡。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2 Law 2 If the forces acting on a particle are not balanced，the particle will experience an acceleration proportional to the resultant force and in the direction of the resultant force Law 3 When two particles react，a pair of interacting forces come into existence；these forces have the same magnitudes and opposite senses，and they act along the straight line common to the two particles机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learningexperience 经历,体验,经验 (n. vt) experiment 试验 (n. vi)l Newton carried out several experiences on light and color. (错)l Newton carried out several experiments on light and color.(对)牛顿做过一些关于光和颜色的实验。l Try some of this perfume, as an experiment.用点这种香水，作为一种试验吧。l Try some of this perfume, as an experience.体验一下这种香水吧。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning几种用法：experience happiness 体验幸福；suffer a loss 受到损失；sustained an injury 遭到伤害；tasted freedom 领略自由；has undergone a religious conversion 经历一次宗教信仰的转变机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learningbe proportional to 成比例 l The linear speed of rotation of a pulley is proportional to its diameter. 皮带轮旋转的线速度和它的直径成正比。be directly proportional to 成正比l The power of an engine is directly proportional to the area of cross-section of the cylinder.发动机的功率和气缸横断面的面积成正比。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learningbe inversely proportional to 成反比l The insulation resistance of a cable is inversely