译林版高中英语选修8学案：语法解读 Unit1　.doc

语法解读negative statements 否定陈述我们有很多不同的方式进行否定表达。最常见的就是用否定词no, not, never, neither, nothing, nobody等。我们一般将否定表达形式归为以下几类：1.auxiliary verb+not(助动词+not)具体形式为：主语+谓语(be, have或助动词，情态动词+not.)如：china is not a developed country.中国不是一个发达国家。he has not finished the experiment.他还没做完实验。he will not come to the party because of his illness.因为生病，他将不参加晚会。dont waste your money.不要浪费你的钱。2.not 与带有否定前缀或否定后缀的单词连用，表达肯定的意思，但语气没有用直接肯定式表达那么强。如：1)since we have spent too much money, it seems impossible not to carry on this project.既然我们已经花了那么多钱，这项工程看来不进行下去是不可能的。2)this is not uncommon.这种现象不是不常见的。this is quite common.这种现象很常见。第二种表达语气要强于第一种。3)its not unfair to praise him.(its fair to praise him.)不表扬他是不公正的(表扬他是公正的)。4)the young mustnt be so unreasonable to the old.年轻人不应当对老年人如此无礼。the young must be reasonable to the old.年轻人应当对老年人有礼貌。常见的构成否定词的前缀和后缀有：dis-否定、相对、相反like(v.喜欢)dislike(v.不喜欢)appear(v.出现) disappear(v.消失)agree(v.同意) disagree(v.不同意)cover(v.掩盖) discover(v.发现)obey(v.遵从) disobey(v.不遵从)believe(v.相信) disbelieve(v.不相信)honest(adj.诚实) dishonest(adj.不诚实)advantage(n.有利条件;优点) disadvantage(n.不利条件;缺点)in-不directindirect不直接的correctincorrect不正确的completeincomplete不全的visibleinvisible看不见的activeinactive不活跃的im-不possibleimpossible不可能的politeimpolite不礼貌的perfectimperfect不完美的un-不ableunable无能力的usualunusual不寻常的healthyunhealthy不健康的knownunknown不知道的soldunsold未售完的successfulunsuccessful不成功的fairunfair不公平的certainuncertain不肯定的happyunhappy不高兴的commonuncommon不普通的equalunequal不平等的naturalunnatural不自然的realunreal不真实的fortunatelyunfortunately不幸地kindunkind不仁慈的comfortableuncomfortable不舒服的easyuneasy不安的interestinguninteresting没有趣的importantunimportant不重要的necessaryunnecessary不必要的pleasantunpleasant令人不快的il-,ir-不；无非regularirregular不规则的legalillegal不合法的logicalillogical不合逻辑的ab-脱离；反常absent，abusenormal-abnormal不正常的non-不；非；无nonsmoker不抽烟的nohuman非人类的后缀-less-less(n./adj.)没有的care仔细careless不仔细的cord线cordless无线的end终点endless无止境的hope希望hopeless绝望的home家homeless无家可归的job工作jobless无业的help帮助helpless无助的wire导线wireless无线的3.not与表示时间或距离的短语连用，有时也可与名词短语(包括数量等)连用，目的是为强调这个短语的否定含义。如：not many people heard the speech.=very few people heard the speech.去听那次演讲的人并不多。not every conclusion can hold water.不是所有的结论都站得住脚。both her brothers are not in new york.她的两个兄弟不都是在纽约。(注：这一部分牵涉到部分否定和完全否定。部分否定是指在英语中含有总括意义的代词、形容词、副词等与否定词连用时，只否定一部分，常见的有every, both, all等)。如：all that glitters is not gold.闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。而完全否定一般与neither, none, no等连用。如：neither of them was in good health.他们两人身体都不好。none of us are afraid of difficulties, but all of us are not good at overcoming difficulties.我们都不害怕困难，但并非都善于克服困难(前半句用完全否定，后半句用部分否定)。4.if从句里面的附加否定。有时候我们会运用whether或if从句来表示我们对某种情形的怀疑。这些表达比较随便，更多地用于口语当中。如：i wonder whether/if i shouldnt bring an umbrella.(i wonder whether/if i should bring an umbrella.)我想知道我是否需要带伞。i wouldnt be surprised if they didnt move soon.如果他们不快搬走,我一点都不吃惊。5.直接由表示否定意义的词构成的否定表达，常见的否定词有hardly, seldom, unless, would rather.than., never, scarcely, none, no, nor, nothing, nobody, the last, far from, free from。ill never forget the day when i joined the league.我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。we could hardly (scarcely) understand his english.我们几乎听不懂他的英语。none of the answers is/are correct.所有的答案都不正确。the classics are far from d