环境科学与工程专业英语期末复习资料2012最新.doc

Herbicide除草剂 pesticide杀虫剂 primary air pollutant一次大气污染物 secondary air pollutant二次大气污染物 stagnation停滞；迟钝 biodegradation生物降解 full-scale工业规模 municipal sewage treatment plant市政污水处理厂 rendering plants炼油厂 obstacle障碍物 trickling filter滴滤池 episode事件 insult损害 subtle敏感的；微妙的symptom症状；征兆 carbon monoxide一氧化碳 sulfur dioxide二氧化碳 switchgear电力设施 runoff排水，流放口 sewage污水 organic有机的 microorganisms微生物 oxidizer氧化剂 purification净化 waterborne水中的 activated sludge活性污泥 let alone更不用说 coagulation絮凝 sedimentation沉淀 reverse osmosis反向渗透 flocculation絮凝 turbidity浊度 at the tap自来水 plain sedimentation普通沉淀法 highly turbid water高度浑浊的水 moderately turbid water中等浑浊的水 chlorine dioxide二氧化氯 ultraviolet light紫外线 catch-basin雨水井 in contrast to与相反 with great care and caution以极细心和谨慎的态度recision and accuracy精确度和准确度 bulk collection 散装收集 matrix material 基质材料analytical sequence 分析序列 multivariate statistics 多元统计 interactive effect 互动效应insofar 到这个程度 overall analytical scheme 总体分析图表 sensitive 灵敏度 sampling 采样 real time 真实时间 sample pretreatment 样品预处理 stability 稳定性curve fitting 曲线拟合 adsorption 吸附 accumulative 累积 analysis and evaluation 分析评价Physical separation 物理分离 dimensional map因次图 standard deviation 标准方差 Primary pollution 一次污染物 secondary pollution 二次污染物 air stagnation 空气滞留Nitrous oxide 一氧化氮 nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮 soot 煤烟 dust 灰尘 smog 烟雾Ozone 臭氧 herbicide 除草剂 pesticide 杀虫剂 normal concentration 正常浓度Seriously polluted 严重污染的 determining factors 决定因素 photochemical oxide 光化学氧化物 liquid droplets液体微滴 radioactive substances放射性物质 incomplete combustion 不完全氧化 sub fur-containing 含硫的 mind erosion风化 automobile exhaust 汽车尾气Pulmonary cyst 肺囊 fluorosis氟中毒 soot煤烟 respiratory system呼吸系统 filter过滤 adsorb吸附 concentration浓度 hydrogen硫化氢 lead sulfide硫化铅 EPA：Environmental Protection AgencyIAQ：indoor air qualityVOCs：volatile organic compoundsETS：environmental tobacco smokeAPC：air pollution controlSS：suspended solidsVSS：volatile suspended solidsTOC：total organic carbon COD：chemical oxygen demandBOD：biochemical oxygen demandTSP：total suspended particulatesEnvironmental Science:Whereas the disciplines of biology,chemistry,and physics are focused on a particular aspect of natural science,environmental science in its broadest sense encompasses all the fields of natural science. 环境科学：鉴于学科的生物学，化学和物理学都集中在某一方面的天然科学，环境科学，在其最广泛的意义上涵盖了所有自然科学领域的。Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。System，according to websters dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙” 。Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化。Interaction of Systems: A number of different environmental problems are associated with water, air, or land systems. 互动系统:许多不同的环境问题都涉及到水，空气，或土壤。Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process. 资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of. 废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process. 回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers. 污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。Environmental analysis involves the performance of chemical, physical, and biological measurements in an environmental system. 在一个环境系统里，环境分析包括化学、物理以及生物测量的性能。The overall objective of environmental analysis is to obtain information about both natural and pollutant species present in the environment so as to make a realistic assessment of their probable behavior.环境分析的目的是为了制造一个可行的现实的评估，去获得目前在环境中自然和污染物的种类的相关信息，以便根据它们大致上的生活习惯做出切实的评估.Finally, it is important to recognize that an environmental impact may not always be discernible by normal human perception so that detection may require sophisticated chemical or physical analysis.最后，重要的是认识到以人类正常的知觉可能难以辨别出环境之间的冲突，以致发现需要高精度的化学或者物理分析。What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. 什么是空气污染 ？空气污染