八大技巧寻找阅读理解关键信息点.doc

八大技巧寻找阅读理解关键信息点任何一篇文章，都有主要信息和次要信息之分。所谓主要信息，也就是文章的关键信息，是作者竭力要传达给读者的，是文章的灵魂与精髓；次要信息，是为主要信息服务的，起辅助作用。而阅读理解的出题点往往在文章的关键信息处。所以，抓住关键信息点，可以帮助同学们快速而有效地锁定答案。1 从篇首、篇尾、段首或段尾处寻找关键信息点任何文章都会有主旨要义，即文章的主题。是否能够把握住文章的主题是理解一篇文章的关键。因此，命题人必然会以各种方式对其进行考查。而文章的主题一般会由主题句或主题段来体现。通常而言，主题句常出现在首尾段落或者段落首尾。如：例1 （2013年天津卷，保留原题号） My grandfather Jack is 96 years old，and he has had an interesting life. He has travelled a lot in his life in the Far East. He visited the Taj Mahal in India and the Pyramids in Egypt. He Hunted（狩猎）lions in Africa, and rode a camel in the Sahara Desert. He says the most beautiful place he has travelled to is Kathmandu in Nepal.51. What kind of life has Jack lived?A. A short life. B. An interesting life. C. A lonely life. D. A poor life.解析：该题是从篇首处命题，属于细节题。首句My grandfather Jack is 96 years old，and he has had an interesting life. 便是文章的主题句，可以快速得到答案为B。2 从文章的转折处寻找关键信息点作者常常会借用转折连词或副词来引出某个重要的事实或观点，而转折连词或副词之后的内容，往往表达的是作者真实的写作目的、观点或态度。因此，抓住转折连词前后的内容至关重要。常见的表示转折关系的连词或副词有：however, but, yet, while, though, although等。另外，indeed, in fact也常用来表示前后语义的转折。如：例2 （2013年重庆卷，保留原题号）Here is a useful computer game.This game can help you remember English words and practice drawing pictures. But youd better not spend too much time on it. It will be bad for your eyes.53. This computer game can help the players .A. guess the number of coins B. remember English wordsC. practice talking about pictures D. spend much time on it解析：该文最后一段的第一句话告诉我们，游戏的优点是“能帮助记忆英语单词和练习绘画”。然后，通过转折词but指出，玩这类游戏的坏处是“时间长了会伤眼”。选B。3 从指代关系处寻找关键信息点为了简洁明了地表达事物及逻辑关系，文章常利用各种代词来替代前面提到过的人或物。当代词前后的句子结构比较复杂，代词与其替代的人或物相隔较远，或代词周围出现多个事物时，这种指代关系往往不易区分清楚。这种情况常常受到命题人的青睐。例3 （2013年南京卷，保留原题号）Imagine the situation. You are driving alone in a desert or on a mountain.You have no idea where you are. You passed the last house two hours ago. Then your car breaks down. It is night and it is cold. You have no mobile phone. What do you do? Well, next time take a GPS with you. This invention may be able to help you. It is a device (装置) which uses satellites (卫星) to find the users position (位置). It can find your position to within 20 metres. A GPS cannot start your car, but at least you will know where you are.There are three parts to the Global Positioning System. The first part is the receiver. You can hold it in your hand, or have it fixed into your car, plane, etc. The second part is a group of satellites orbiting the Earth. The receiver contacts at least four of the satellites and calculates (计算) its position. The third part of the system is a network of ground stations. They are all over the world. They control the satellites and make sure they are working well.43. The underlined word “They” in paragraph 3 means “”.A. Receivers B. GPS devices C. Satellites D. Ground stations解析：分析they所在的这段话可以发现，该段主要介绍GPS系统的结构。而they之前正好讲到该系统的第三部分“地面网络站”，从而可推断此处就是指“地面网络”。选D。当然，名词或短语在文章当中也可以起到指代作用。与上下文语义密切相关，且指代的事物又难以辨识的名词或短语，也往往是命题人大做文章的对象。如：例4 （2013年烟台卷，保留原题号）Once there was a huge apple tree. A little boy loved to come and play around it everyday. He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him.Time went by. the little boy had grown up and he no longer played around the tree everyday. One day, the boy came back to the tree and he looked sad. “Come and play with me,”the tree asked the boy. “I am no longer a kid, I dont play around trees anymore. ”The boy replied,“I want toys. I need money to buy them.”“Sorry, but I dont have money. But you can pick all my apples and sell them. So, you will have money.” The boy picked all the apples on the tree and left happily. The boy never came back after he picked the apples. The tree was sad.One day, the boy returned and the tree was so excited. “Come and play with me.” the tree said.“I dont have time to play. I have to work for family. We need a house for shelter. Can you help?”“Sorry, I dont have a house. But you can cut off my branches to build your house.” So the boy cut all the branches off the tree and left happily. The tree was glad to see him happy but the boy never came back since then. The tree was again lonely and sad.Finally, the boy returned after he left for so many years. “Sorry, my boy. But I dont have anything for you any more. The only thing left is my dying roots.” the tree said with tears.“I dont need much now, just a place to rest. I am tired after all these years.” The boy replied.“Good! Old tree roots is the best place to lean on and rest. Come and sit down with me and rest.” The boy sat down and the tree was glad and smiled with tears.55. According to the passage, which of the following statement is NOT true?A. The phrase “with tears” means that the apple tree was sad because the boy asked for too much.B. The phrase “with tears” means that the apple tree was still happy because she could help the boy for the last time.C. Each time the boy asked the apple tree for help, the tree tried her best to satisfy him.D. After reading the passage, we can easily think of the old Chinese saying “Parents love is universal!”解析：采用排除法。根据句子Come and sit down with me.可知，最后男孩回到了大树的身边，大树因为帮助男孩喜极而泣。B项正确；从整篇短文来看，每次不管男孩提出什么要求，大树都尽力帮助他。C项正确；这篇文章用大树来比作父母的爱，无边无际。D项正确；再根据句子The only thing left is my dying root. 唯一剩下的就是我即将死去的根。其实，大树是因为不能帮助男孩感到很伤心，并不是因为男孩索取的太多。A项错误。答案为A。4 从并列、列举处寻找关键信息点并列、列举处是指用first(ly).，second(ly).，third(ly).，finally.，not only.but also， above all. 等表示顺承或并列关系的词语，列举出的一系列并列的事实情况。并列处和列举处是考查事实细节的主要设题题眼。另外，为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者还经常使用举例的方法来进行论证。常由such as, for example，take.as an example等引出，这些例子同样会成为出题人设题的焦点。 如：例5 （2013年温州卷，保留原题号）It is widely agreed that the cover-use of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil has caused serious environmental problems. Scientists are trying to find new clean energies that do not pollute the air, the water or the ground. Solar power is one of them.Solar power is a kind of electricity which is produced by taking energy from the sun, using solar panels. The solar panels are usually fixed on the roofs of houses and buildings.37. Solar power is a kind of energy taken from.A. the air B. the sun C. the water D. the ground 解析：第一段讲述了科学家正在寻找一种不污染空气、水和土壤的清洁能源。然后举例说太阳能是其中之一（Solar power is one of them.）。接着阐述，太阳能发电是一种通过太阳能板来收集太阳能量而产生的一种电。（Solar power is one of them.Solar power is a kind of electricity which is produced by taking energy from the sun, using solar panels.）B正确。5 从特殊标点符号处寻找关键信息点特殊标点符号主要包括：破折号（表解释或补充说明）、括号（表解释）、冒号（表解释或列举）、引号（表引用或引号内容有特殊含义）等等。命题人经常会针对这些特殊标点的前后内容设题，考查考生对特殊标点含义及前后内容的准确理解。如：例6 （2013年安徽卷，保留原题号）The human brain weights about 1.4 kilograms, but it can hold much more information that most computers. However, there is another difference between humans and computers. Computers dont forget information they are given, but humans often do. No one remembers everything and luckily we dont usually have to. But everyone can improve their memory if they want to. Here are some suggestions.Try to use new information immediately. For example, if you meet someone who says “Hi! Im Carlos.” Dont just say “Hello.” Repeat the persons name. Say “”.92. Which school be put in the blank(空格) in paragraph 2?A. Hello, Carlos. B. How do you do?C. Hello, I am Sophia. D. Glad to meet you !解析：第一个引号的内容是“Hi! Im Carlos.” 再根据作者的态度：“Dont just say Hello. Repeat the persons name.”可以推断，正确答案应该是A。6从文章的观点处寻找关键信息点作者表达对于某人或某事的观点或态度，或涉及其他人、组织机构的观点或态度的地方，常受命题人的偏爱。解题时，要留意文中出现argue, believe, hate, against等表达观点的态度词，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式。如：祈使句、感叹句、反问句等。如：例7 （2013年北京卷，保留原题号）.Mary bought her plant the same time I did. It took a year for her jasmine to bloom. I was so impatient for mine to bloom；regretfully, I gave it away.In a way my life is like the jasmine plant. I need to be patient and let things happen.Last Sunday Linda told me that she was going abroad the next week. Before she left, she returned the plant to me. This time I am going to wait. I have learned that when we want something in our life, we have to be patient. I am slowly learning to have that patience to wait for my jasmine to bloom.52. What has the writer learned from her experience?A. Patience is needed in life. B. Flowers can make life better.C. Friendship is necessary for us.D. Jasmine can be a wonderful plant.解析：本题是一道主旨题，也是根据作者观点来命制的试题。作者买了一株茉莉花，但是，觉得它总是不开花，把它送给了一个朋友。后来，作者在另一个朋友的办公室看到了茉莉花，才知道茉莉开花要一年的时间，是自己太没有耐心。从这件事情中，作者明白了一个道理：“在生活中要想得到某个东西，要有耐心才行。”所以，正确答案是A。7从引言处寻找关键信息点作者在论证自己的观点或阐述某一问题时，常会引用他人或者组织机构的论断、阐述及研究发现等，以增强文章的说服力。如：例8 （2013年安徽卷，保留原题号）.Many people say that their vacations are too short. In France, people get five weeks of paid vacation a year. In Germany, they get from four to six weeks, and in the United States, two weeks. One study shows fewer than half of workers used all their vacation days. In Great Britain, there is a saying, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull(迟钝的) boy.”If that is true, there must be a lot of dull people in the world.80. What can we infer from this passage?A. Many workers have to work long hours.B. Many people have vacations long enough.C. Work hours are the same around the world.D. There are a lot of dull people in the world. 解析：最后一段，作者引用了名言All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 由此可判断，作者是想说世界上有很多人工作很多，但休息很少。答案为A。8从因果关系处寻找关键信息点两个事物内在的因果关系常常成为命题点。一般来说，这种试题有两种形式：给出原因推结果，或者给出结果找原因。注意关键词：because, since, so和as a result等。如：例9 （2013年广州卷，保留原题号）.The mans wife lowered her head. There was no longer a smile on the mans face. He quietly asked. “How much did you say?”