生物入侵生态学的研究进展 英文版.ppt

Producer libing BiologicalinvasionAdvancesinEcologicalResearch 1 Directory 2 添加标题 PresentSituation Interferencefromhumanactivitieshaveledustothesurvivaloftheplanetintoahuman dominatedplanet thedegreeofisolationbetweenthebiotaisgettingsmallerandsmaller Withtheincreaseininternationalpassengerandcargo acrosstheseaandtheexchangeofcross continentalbiotaisaccelerating andhasbecomeanimportantwaytospreadbiologicaldistance About20 oftheflorainmostcountriesforforeignflora foreignfloraoftheislands thecityandanareaof intenseinterferenceratiowillbehigher 3 Definition biologicalinvasionsisabiologicalincomingfromthefieldofnaturalorman madeintroductiontobecomewildstate causingsomeharmtothelocalecosystem Biologicalinvasionspeciesiscalledinvasivealienspecies 4 Deliberatelyintroducing Certaindepartmentsorindividuals inordertoimproveeconomicefficiency ornamentalandbiologicalcontrolfromaremotelocationtheintroductionofalargenumberofspecies Duetopoormanagementorlackofappropriateriskassessmentbeforehand andsomespeciesbecomeinvasivespecies unintentionalintroducingwithhumanactivities Staffmobilityandtheexchangeofgoodscanactasavehicleoftheintroductionofexoticspecies inadvertentlyexoticspeciesfromnativezonetootherareas naturalintroducing Plantseedsorpropagulesbywindoranimalpowertoachievenaturaldiffusion 5 TheincursionofAlienspecies Biologicalleavetheiroriginalecosystemstoanewenvironment SettlingdownandEstablishingpopulationssuccessfully Biologicalreachinvasively bythedomesticationofthelocalecologicalconditions growth developmentandreproduction atleastonegeneration ThestageofDelay Theincubationperiodofbiologicalinvasionsfromthebeginningtosettleinthenewenvironmenttothepopulationbegantorapidgrowthandrapidexpansionofthe occupiedterritories DiffusionandOutbreak Invasivespeciesformafavorableagestructureandsexratio withtherapidgrowthanddiffusioncapacity 6 Invasivealienspeciesisabigthreatrenoftheecosystembiological Mostofthesuccessfulinvasionofalienspeciesdifficulttocontrolifoutbreaking andecosystemsirreversiblydamagingtheformationofdominantpopulations andthreateningthesurvivalofnativespecies causingthedisappearanceandextinctionofnativespecies Mainlyin 1 adirectresultofthedecreaseinthenumberoflocalbiologicalspecies 2 indirectlyledtothedecreaseinthenumberofotherbiologicalspeciesdependentonthesurvivalofthelocalbiologicalspecies 3 changethelocalecosystem 4 thelocalenvironmentonfire pestanddiseasecontrolandresistanceisreduced 5 localsoilconservationandsoilnutritiontoimprovetheabilitytoreduce 6 localmoisturetomaintainandimprovewaterqualityreduced 7 localbiodiversityconservationcapacityreduced 7 Impactonnativeecosystems Invasivespeciesimpact30 50 ofthespeciescurrentlylistedasThreatenedorEndangeredundertheU SFederalEndangeredSpeciesAct Secondonlytohabitatdestruction 8 Thedirectdestructionoftheecosystem Alieninvasivespeciesspecificecosystemstructure functionandecologicalenvironmentseriousinterferencewithhazards Alienspecies oncetheresultsofinvadedecosystems itseffectsaremanifold a changethespeciescompositionandquantityoftheoriginalecosystem b changethetrophicstructureofthesystem c changethemechanismofinterference coercion d accesstoanduseofresourcesonnativespecies Withoneofmanyinvasivealienspecieswillbeabletodirectlyorindirectlyalterecosystemprocesses 9 Impactonproductivityandenergyflow Non nativeherbivores like gypsymoth directlyaffecttheflowofenergycapturedbyplantsfromthesun Non nativeearthwormscandramaticallyincreasedecompositioninsoils 2020 3 10 10 10 Impactonnutrientandwatercycles Invasivenitrogenfixers likefayatreeinHawaii increasenitrogeninsoils Thehighevapotranspirationrateofsaltcedardrawsdownthelocalwatertableandcanslowtheflowofriversand streams 2020 3 10 11 Theinvasionoftheecologicalproblemscausedbybiological LowerresistanceabilityofpestandfireLowerfunctionofsoilconservationLowerfunctionofwaterconservationLowerfunctionofbiodiversityconservation 12 22 SeaLampreysarenativetotheAtlanticOcean butnowimpactfishintheGreatLakes Purpleloosestrifebecomes dominantinwetareas directlyimpactingotherplantpopulations Impactsonpopulationsandfoodwebs 2020 3 10 13 1 Strongreproductionandspreadcapabilities Alienspeciesbreedingcharacteristicsofitspopulationinthenewhabitattoestablishasignificantrole usuallyinvasivespecieshaveastrongerabilitytoreproducequicklyproducealotofoffspring 2 Strongcompetitionandadaptability Invasivespeciesintheenvironmentalconditionsofthenewhabitat thecompetitivenessoftenstrongerthaninsimilarnicheofnativespecies invasivespeciescaninthiscasebycrowdingoutnativespeciestobesuccessful Invasivespeciescharacteristicsarethebasisofbiologicalinvasion 14 Theinvasivelycharacteristicstocreatetheconditionsforbiologicalinvasion 1 Theinvasibilityofhabitat Averagecoverageofthelowplantcommunitiesvulnerabletoinvasion Interferencefrequencyandhighplantcommunitiesvulnerabletoinvasion 2 Vacannichehypothesis Vacannichemayleadtothesuccessoftheinvasionofexoticspecies 3 Thelossofbiologicalcontrolfactors Manynaturalenemiesofinvasivespeciesreachthenewlocation itslocalcompetitors predators herbivorousandparasitic suchashasnotarrive long termcoexistenceoffactorsgreatlyreduced 15 Anthropogenicinterferenceandtheimpactsofglobalchangeacceleratesbiologicalinvasions 1 Anthropogenicinterferenceincludeslandfires floods agriculturalcultivation livestockgrazing thewetlandswaterisdrained thesalinityofriversandlakesorchangesinthelevelofnutritionandsoon 2 Globalclimatechange suchastheconcentrationofCO2intheair maybeconducivetotherapidchangeofthedistributionofinvasivespeciesortohavetheabilitytoadapttodifferentenvironments increasednitrogendeposition theinterferencechangeandhabitatpatchinessincreaseandsomaypromotetheprevalenceofbiologicalinvasion 16 Traditionalcontrolmethod Thepreventionandcontrolofbiologicalinvasion beforemostofthemtakethemanualremoval fire grazing chemicalcontrolofthemorecommonlyusedmethodistheintroductionofnaturalenemies alsoknownasthetraditionalbiologicalcontrol theintroductionofnaturalenemiesoforigintoanewdistributionrelease limittheproliferationofexoticspeciespopulationsinordertoestablishanewbalance whichisfullyinlinewiththeprincipleofecology EcologicalControlmethod Duetoenvironmentaldegradation biodiversitydeclinetoopenthedoorforinvasivespecies sothatonlymaintainagoodecologicalenvironmentinordertoimprovetheresistanceofecosystemstoinvasivespecies Atpresent theuseofecologicaltheorytocombatbiologicalinvasion hasobviousadvantages especiallyforthestudyofplantinvasivespecies hasmadegreatachievements Suchasinthewell studiedbiologicalandecologicalcharacteristicsofthenativespecieson