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The water energy food nexus bridging the science policy divide Terry van Gevelt1 2 Abstract Although our technical understanding of water energy food WEF nexus dynamics continues to improve this knowledge has not yet been translated into effective and implementable policy My review of the literature suggests that key to bridging the science policy divide is introducing a political dimension into our understanding of the WEF nexus By applying insights from the broader area of environmental governance to real world WEF nexus examples we see that navigating WEF nexus trade offs and ensuring the sustainable management of our resources is a wicked problem necessarily solved through the political process By moving beyond an apolitical and positivist conceptualisation of the WEF nexus we can devise innovative solutions that leverage the contributions of robust science to better manage our WEF resources Addresses 1Department of Politics and Public Administration University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 2Department of Civil Engineering University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Corresponding author van Gevelt Terry tvgevelt hku hk Current Opinion in Environmental Science in the collection analysis and interpretation of data in the writing of the report and in the decision to submit the article for publication References Papers of particular interest published within the period of review have been highlighted as of special interest of outstanding interest 1 Cairns R Krzywozynska A Anatomy of a buzzword the emergence of the water energy food nexus in UK natural resource debates Environ Sci Policy 2016 64 164 170 2 Conway D van Garderen E Deryng D Dorling S Krueger T Landman W Lankford B Lebek K Osborn T Ringler C Thurlow J Zhu T Dalin C Climate and southern Africa s water energy food nexus Nat Clim Chang 2015 5 837 846 3 Liu J Hull V Godfray H Tilman D Gleick P Hoff H Pahl Wostl C Xu Z Chung M Sun J Li S Nexus approaches to global sustainable development Nat Sustain 2018 1 466 476 4 Romero Lankao P Bruns A Wiegleb V From risk to WEF se curity in the city the influence of interdependent infra structural systems Environ Sci Policy 2018 90 213 222 5 Simpson G Jewitt G The development of the water energy food nexus as a framework for achieving resource security a review Front Environ Sci 2019 7 1 9 6 Hoff H Understanding the nexus In Background paper for the bonn 2011 conference the water energy and food security nexus Stockholm environment institute stockholm 2011 1 51 8Environmental monitoring assessment Current Opinion in Environmental Science Health 2020 13 6 7 Silva de Amorim W Valduga I Ribeiro J Williamson V Krauser G Magtoto M Guerra J The nexus between water energy and food in the context of the global risks an anal ysis of the interactions between food water and energy se curity Environ Impact Assess Rev 2018 72 1 11 8 Albrecht T Crootof A Scott C The water energy food nexus a systematic review of methods for nexus assessment Environ Res Lett 2018 13 1 26 9 Bleischwitz R Spataru C van de Veer S Obersteiner M van der Voet E Johnson C Andrews Speed P Boersma T Hoff H van Vuuren D Resource nexus perspectives towards the united nations sustainable development goals Nat Sustain 2018 1 737 743 10 Bieber N Ker J Wang X Triantafyllidis C van Dam K Koppelaar Shah N Sustainable planning of the energy water food nexus using decision making tools Energy Policy 2018 113 584 607 11 Hoolohan C Larkin A McLachlan C Falconer R Soutar I Suckling J Varga L Haltas I Druckman A Lumbroso D Scott M Gilmour D Ledbetter R McGrane S Mitchell C Yu D Engaging stakeholders in research to address water energy food WEF nexus challenges Sustain Sci 2018 13 1415 1426 12 Namany S Al Ansari T Govindan R Sustainable energy water and food nexus systems a focused review on decision making tools for efficient resource management and gover nance J Clean Prod 2019 225 610 626 13 McGrane S Acuto M Artioli F Chen PY Comber R Cottee J Farr Wharton G Green N Helfgott A Larcom S McCann J O Reilly P Salmoral G Scott M Todman L van Gevelt T Yan X Scaling the nexus towards integrated frameworks for analysing water energy and food Geogr J 2018 1 13 Online first 14 Newell J Goldstein B Foster A A 40 year review of food energy water nexus literature with a focus on the urban En viron Res Lett 2019 1 46 Online first 15 Scanlon B Ruddell B Reed P Hook R Zheng C Tidwell V Siebert S The food energy water nexus transforming sci ence for society Water Resour Res 2017 53 3550 3556 16 Williams J Bouzarovski S Swyngedouw E The urban resource nexus on the politics of relationality water energy infra structure and the fallacy of integration Environ Plan C Politics and Space 2018 1 18 Online first 17 Weitz N Strambo C Kemp Benedict E Nilsson M Closing the governance gaps in the water energy food nexus insights from integrative governance Glob Environ Chang 2017 45 165 173 This article examines the disconnect between the WEF nexus literature and the governance and decision making processes underlying the nexus The article sets out three perspectives of the WEF nexus and highlights how addressing trade offs in the nexus is a political process that requires negotiation between different stakeholders 18 Kurian M The water energy food nexus trade offs thresh olds and transdisciplinary approaches to sustainable devel opment Environ Sci Policy 2017 68 97 106 19 Mercure JF Palm M Bocquillon P Lindner S Salas P Martinelli P Berchin I de Andrade Guerra J Derani C de Albu querque Junior C Ribeiro J Knoblock F Pollitt H Edwards N Holden P Foley A Schaphoff S Faraco R Vinuales J System complexity and policy integration challenges the Brazilian Energy Water Food Nexus Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2019 105 230 243 This article frames the sustainable management of the WEF nexus as a wicked problem and highlights the complexity of the nexus Aware of the political dimensions of the nexus this article makes a strong case for the mainstreaming of the science policy interface as a new approach for formulating integrated Nexus policy strategies 20 Artioli F Acuto M McArthur J The water energy food nexus an integration agenda and implications for urban governance Political Geogr 2017 61 215 223 21 Romero Lanako P McPhearson T Davidson D The food energy water nexus and urban complexity Nat Clim Chang 2017 7 233 235 22 Kirschke S Zhang L Meyer K Decoding the wickedness of resource nexus problems examples from water soil nexus problems in China Resources 2018 7 1 15 23 Venghaus S Hake JF Nexus thinking in current EU policies the interdependencies among food energy and water re sources Environ Sci Policy 2018 90 183 192 24 Bijl D Bogaart P Dekker S van Vuuren D Unpacking the nexus different spatial scales for water food and energy Glob Environ Chang 2018 48 22 31 25 Dombrowsky I Hensengerth O Governing the water energy food nexus related to hydropower on shared rivers the role of regional organizations Frontiers in Environmental Science 2018 6 1 16 26 Stein C Jaspersen L A relational framework for investigating nexus governance Geogr J 2018 1 14 Online first Acknowledging the WEF Nexus to be a wicked problem this article puts stakeholders and their relationships at the centre of WEF nexus analysis and argues that it is necessary to understand how the WEF nexus is contested across sectors and scales The article presents a framework combining a structural analysis of the WEF nexus gover nance network with stakeholder relationship dynamics to obtain further insights into the integration of WEF sectors at a policy and governance level 27 Brethaut C Gallagher L Dalton J Allouche J Power dynamics and integration in the water energy food nexus learning lessons for transdisciplinary research in Cambodia Environ Sci Policy 2019 94 153 162 Drawing on insights from the environmental governance literature this article examines power issues within the WEF nexus The article shows how an awareness of power issues and dynamics helps un derstand the conditions under which further integration of the WEF sectors may be achieved 28 Marker C Venghaus S Hake JF Integrated governance for the food energy water nexus the scope of action for insti tutional change Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2018 97 290 300 29 Al Saidi M Elagib N Towards understanding the integrative approach of the water energy and food nexus Sci Total En viron 2017 574 1131 1139 30 Larcom S van Gevelt T Regulating the water energy food nexus interdependencies transaction costs and procedural justice Environ Sci Policy 2017 72 55 64 31 Jalilov S Keskinen M Varis O Amer S Ward F Managing the water energy food nexus gains and losses from new water development in Amu Darya River Basin J Hydrol 2016 539 648 661 32 White D Jones J Maciejewski R Aggarwal R Mascaro G Stakeholder analysis for the food energy water nexus in phoenix Arizona implications for nexus governance Sus tainability 2017 9 1 21 33 Pardoe J Conway D Namaganda E Vincent K Dougill A Kashaigili J Climate change and the water energy food nexus insights from policy and practice in Tanzania Clim Policy 2018 18 863 877 34 Huckleberry J Potts M Constraints to implementing the food energy water nexus concept governance in the lower Colo rado river basin Environ Sci Policy 2019 92 289 298 35 Foden M Browne A Evans D Sharp L Watson M The water energy food nexus at home new opportunities for policy interventions in household sustainability Geogr J 2018 1 13 online first 36 Franz M Schlitz N Schumacher K Globalization and the water energy food nexus using the global production net works approach to analyse society environment relations Environ Sci Policy 2018 90 201 212 37 Rasul G Neupane N Hussain A Pasakhala B Beyond hydro power towards an integrated solution for water energy and food security in South Asia Int J Water Resour Dev 2019 1 25 Online first 38 Schmidt J Matthews N From state to system financialization and the water energy food climate nexus Geoforum 2018 91 151 159 Bridging the science policy divide van Gevelt9 Current Opinion in Environmental Science Health 2020 13 6 10 39 Lebel L Lebel B Nexus narratives and resource insecurities in the Mekong Region Environ Sci Policy 2018 90 164 172 40 Kaddoura S El Khatib S Review of water energy food nexus tools to improve the nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making Environ Sci Policy 2017 77 114 121 41 Bazilian M Rogner H Howells M Hermann S Arent D Gielen D Steduto P Mueller A Komor P Tol R Yumkella K Considering the energy water and food nexus towards an integrated modelling approach Energy Policy 2011 39 7896 7906 42 Leck H Tracing the water energy food nexus description theory and practice Geography Compass 2015 9 445 460 43 Sharmina M Hoolohan C Bows Larkin A Burgess P Colwill J Gilbert P Howard D Knox J Anderson K A nexus perspective on competing land demands wider lessons from a UK policy case study Environ Sci Policy 2016 59 74 84 44 Harwood S In search of a WEF nexus approach Environ Sci Policy 2018 83 79 85 45 Stein C Pahl Wostl C Barron J Towards a relational under standing of the water energy food nexus an analysis of embeddedness and governance in the Upper Blue Nile region of Ethiopia Environ Sci Policy 2018 90 173 182 This article analyses how stakeholders in the WEF sectors are embedded in social networks The article looks at how this embedd edness frames coordination and collaboration between sectors Using data from the Upper Blue Nile region of Ethiopia the authors show how an awareness of social embeddedness sheds new light on
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