landfill(垃圾填埋场)ppt配套谷歌翻译.doc

Since the dawn of mankind, humans have generated waste. However, waste disposal was not a problem when we had a nomadic existence; we simply moved away and left our waste behind. Around 10,000 BC, humans started to abandon their nomadic existence and live in communities. With the advent of non-transient communities came trash that was dropped on the ground or floor where people lived.由于人类的曙光，人类产生的废物。然而，废物处理是没有问题的，当我们有一个游牧的存在，我们只是移动了，只剩下我们浪费的背后。大约公元前10000年，人类开始，放弃游牧的生存和居住在社区。随着非瞬态社区来到垃圾桶地面或地板上滴加那里的人住了。Alternative waste disposal methods were not developed until waste began jeopardizing city defenses. In 500 BC, Athens, Greece, established the first municipal waste dump in the western world by requiring scavengers to dispose of waste at least one mile from the citys walls so invaders could not easily scale the walls using the waste placed there. However, dumping waste within cities remained the primary disposal option in Europe and the United States until the late 1800s when a connection was made between disease and filthy environmental conditions. 其他废物处置方法没有开始，直到浪费破坏城市防御。在公元前500年，雅典，希腊，建立了第一个在西方世界的市政废物垃圾场的拾荒者处理废物至少有1英里（1.6公里）的城墙，使侵略者无法轻松扩展使用的废物放在那里的墙壁。但是，城市内倾倒废物的处置方案仍然是主要的，直到19世纪后期在欧洲和美国之间连接时，疾病和肮脏的环境条件。Toward the end of the 19th Century, many cities realized that throwing waste into the streets was causing health and political problems. In response, cities created garbage collection and disposal systems using horse-drawn carts to collect garbage and dispose of it in open dumps, incinerators, or at sea. Even in the 1920s, garbage, incinerator ash, and dirt were commonly used to reclaim wetlands near cities. 在19世纪即将结束，许多城市认识到，到街上扔废弃物造成的健康问题和政治问题。作为响应，城市创建垃圾收集和处理系统使用马拉大车到收集垃圾，处置露天堆放，焚烧炉，还是在海上。即使是在20世纪20年代，垃圾，灰渣和污垢通常用于回收城市湿地附近。 In 1935, the precursor to the modern landfill was started in California where waste was thrown into a hole in the ground that was periodically covered with dirt. The American Society of Civil Engineers in 1959 published the first guidelines for a sanitary landfill that suggested compacting waste and covering it with a layer of soil each day to reduce odors and control rodents. 在1935年，前体开始在加利福尼亚州的现代垃圾填埋场的废弃物被扔进一个洞，定期布满污垢，理由是。美国土木工程协会工程于1959年出版了第一本指引的“卫生填埋”，表明压实废物和覆盖了一层土，以减少气味和控制啮齿动物。The first federal legislation addressing solid waste management was the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (SWDA) that created a national office of solid waste. By the mid-1970s, all states had some type of solid Waste management regulations. However, the contents of these regulations varied widely. During this time, many state laws banned the open burning of waste at dumps and began replacing them with sanitary landfills. 第一联邦立法，解决固体废物管理固体废物处置法“（1965年SWDA），创造了一个国家办公室的固体废物。到了20世纪70年代中期，所有的国家都有某种类型的固体废物管理条例。然而，这些规定的内容差别很大。在这段时间内，许多国家的法律禁止在垃圾场的废物的露天焚烧和卫生填埋场开始取代他们。 Although greater amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) have been recycled and composted in the last forty years, the majority of MSW generated in the United States is safely disposed of in landfills. No longer the the garbage dumps of years past, todays modern MSW landfills are well-engineered facilities that are regulated under strict federal and state regulations to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Modern MSW landfills are operated, located, designed, monitored, closed, and cared for after closure to ensure environmental performance.更大量的城市固体废弃物（MSW）虽然已回收和堆肥在过去的四十年中，在美国大多数的城市生活垃圾产生安全处置在堆填区。不再是“垃圾场”，过去的几年中，今天的现代垃圾填埋场的工程设施，受严格的联邦和州的法规，以确保人类健康和环境的保护。现代垃圾填埋场进行操作，位置，设计，监测，关闭，后关闭，以确保环境的性能和关心。modern MSW landfills collect and treat the leachate (the water that passes through the waste) and gas (from the decomposition of the waste). Recovered landfill gas can be converted into energy (electricity, steam, heat, vehicle fuel) to reduce Americas dependence on petroleum products.现代化的垃圾填埋场的渗滤液收集和处理，通过废物（水）和气体（分解废物）。可以回收的垃圾填埋气体转化为能源（电，蒸汽，热，车用燃料），以减少美国对石油产品的依赖。The waste industry continues to investigate innovative operations and designs that further protect human health and the environment. One promising innovation is the bioreactor landfill. A bioreactor landfill operation and design adds liquids and/or air to the waste, which accelerates the waste biodegradation process and waste stabilization.垃圾处理行业的继续调查，进一步保护人类健康和环境的创新业务和设计。一个有前途的创新是生物反应器填埋场。填埋场的操作和设计的生物反应器中添加液体和/或空气的浪费，从而加速废物的生物降解过程和废物稳定。As in the past, landfills will continue to play an important role in our nations MSW management system.We believe that the Environment Engineering continues to explore innovative designs and operations that will further protect human health and the environment. 在过去，垃圾填埋场将继续发挥重要的作用，在我们国家的都市固体废物管理系统。我们认为，环境工程，继续探索创新的设计和操作，这将进一步保护人类健康和环境。Based on research, the environmental benefits of a bioreactor landfill include: Shorter time periods (7-10 years) over which air and water emissions aregenerated compared to 30 or more years in a conventional landfill; Shorter post-closure care periods (10-15 years) compared to 30 or moreyears for a conventional landfill; Increased efficiency of the gas collection system; and Quicker return of the property to a productive end-use.在研究的基础上，生物反应器填埋场的环境效益包括：更短的时间内（7-10年），空气和水的排放量相比，30年或以上，在传统的垃圾填埋场产生;关闭后的护理更短的周期（10-15年）相比，30个或更多年，传统的垃圾填埋场;增加的气体收集系统的效率;的财产，以更快的恢复富有成效的最终用途。Another promising innovation is the use of biocovers (composted yardwaste used as final cover) to further reduce air emissions at landfills.The benefits of biocovers are that air emissions of methane and otherorganic compounds are oxidized and destroyed in the biologicallyactive compost. Research has shown that biocovers are effective forcontrolling air emissions when used: On areas where more waste will be added at a later date and alandfill gas systems is not fully operational; or To control air emissions when the gas system is shutdown formaintenance and repair.As in the past, landfills will continue to play an important role in our nations MSW management system.However, gone are the past problems associated with older landfills such as groundwater and air contamination,acceptance of hazardous waste, and inappropriate locations in sensitive areas. Modern landfills, in contrast,are highly engineered containment systems that are designed and operated to minimize the impacts ofmunicipal solid waste disposal on human health and the environment.The private solid waste management industry and its trade association, the National Solid Wastes ManagementAssociation, have been in the forefront of promoting and operating safe and efficient MSW landfills. Theindustry continues to explore innovative designs and operations that will further protect human health and theenvironment.另一种有前途的创新是使用biocovers（堆肥码浪费作为最终的封面），以进一步减少废气排放在堆填区。的好处的biocovers是，空气排放的甲烷和其他在生物，有机物被氧化和破坏积极堆肥。研究已经表明，biocovers是有效的使用时，控制废气排放：的地方更多的垃圾将被添加在稍后的日期和垃圾填埋气系统是没有充分发挥作用;为了控制空气污染物排放的气体系统关机时，保养和维修。在过去，垃圾填埋场将继续发挥重要的作用，在我们国家的都市固体废物管理系统。然而，逝去的过去的旧垃圾填埋场地下水和空气污染等相关问题，接受危险废物和不适当的地点，在敏感地区。现代化堆填区，与此相反，是高度工程化的遏制系统的设计和操作的影响降至最低都市固体废物对人类健康和环境。私人固体废物管理行业和贸易协会，全国固体废物管理协会，一直在促进和运行安全，高效的垃圾填埋场的最前沿。 “行业的不断探索创新的设计和操作，这将进一步保护人类健康和环境。Category 1 uses are the least recognizable and most numerous becausethey may appear to be nothing more than an open field.Category 2 uses are more intensive and are typicallycharacterized by not having major structures, but may