2013年定语从句的翻译.docx

定语从句的翻译前置型(黑体部分为翻译时放到被修饰词前加“的”的定语从句；特点是，信息量较小，定语从句中不嵌套其它从句。)：后置型（下划线部分为翻译时要重复先行词，并独立出主句之外，自成一汉语短句的后置型定语从句；特点是，信息量较大，或者信息量不大，但是嵌套有其它从句。）复习：1） Furthermore， humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 2） Social science is that branch of intellectual inquiryenquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon. 3） This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 4） Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 对于“develop”，“experience”之类的抽象动词，应充分根据语境翻译，不可简单地译为“发展”、“经历”等。如，develop a cancer；Families have also experienced changes in structure these years. 练习：思考：下列各句中有几个连接词，故而有几个从句？ 如何快速判定从句的类型？ 如何快速判定从句翻译成汉语应选用的方法？（前置还是后置等）1) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 非限制性定语从句的先行词问题例：阅读理解：Todays vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. （prey n. v. prey on sth.）(game: The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.)2) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. (ABC: A，after；B, before；C，center)问题：如果deprive不认识，可以用什么样的“上限词”来翻译词句？名词、形容词活用：填词练习（选择练习1）中某词，并用其恰当的形式填入下句空中）：This group generally do well in IQ test, _ 12-15 points above the average value of 100.表示“因为”的连词：如，because，since， as， for表示“因为”的介词词组如，owing to， due to， thanks to, in response to例如，填空并翻译Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in _ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status.那么，in response是什么意思？表示“因为”的动词词组如，owe a lot to, benefit from, be brought aboutout by, be attributed to, be related to翻译：Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. “fact”，例：This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. （alone； sth is + a.+ to do句型= it is + a. + to do sth., 如，Meat is difficult to cook.= It is difficult to cook meat; He is interesting to listen to.= It is interesting to listen to him.; She is hard to deal with.=It is hard to deal with her. ；underline vs. underlie表因果：His lack of confidence underlies such a manner. 之下常暗示因果关系，如be put down to sth.= be attributed to sth.）下句中，有没有同位语成分？例， 阅读理解：There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escapedwith the educated riding on them.This sentence probably implies that it is _ .A. customary for the educated to discard ambition in wordsB. too late to check ambition once it has been let outC. dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD. impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits for ambitionhypo-:under, beneathhypothesis, hypothetical翻译：Hypothetically, human beings would be able to fly if they could discover a way to grow wings.词组 deprive sb of sth; sb (be) deprived of sth翻译：A man without an education, as is widely believed, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.(顺境：与favor这一 vt.有关，如何造该词组：)3) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. （2001年考题，因此有millennium一词，如, the New Millennium; mille 千mil-千+-enn-ann-年，如millenarian 一千年的； centenary是什么意思？anniversary呢？能否用俩词分别翻译“今天是我母校百年校庆”？翻译：1) The United States of America celebrated its bicentennial in 1976, two hundred years after it declared its independence. 2) The United States will celebrate its tricentennial in the year 2076, which will be three hundred years after the Declaration of Independence.）4) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.（参照复习4）或复习2）ABC的方法均可译出）汉译英：我们有充足的理由维护自身民族文化的独立性、独特性，因为正是这种独立性和独特性促成了“民族品牌”的形成，而“民族品牌”又是向整个世界显示一国特殊魅力的武器。英语中有些实义动词在某些语境下无实际动作发生，可在汉译本中化解掉，如 serve to do中的serve，work in relation to one another 中的work，go to make up sth中的go。根据句境翻译the Old Continent（在跟谁比？）He disappeared to the Continent.5) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 如，multi-media courses; the application of multi-media in class.6) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (定语从句虽短，但适合前置否？为什么？)比如背单词，“disable 1)使伤残 2）使无效，使不能正常运转，” 背诵时应着重看哪一个意项？为什么？那 “offend 1）冒犯，使不快 2）触归，触犯 ” 呢？再如，subject，school，monitor动宾分隔结构的理解与翻译(分隔原因：Principle of End-weight；Emphasis on a Certain Component)第一类，宾语补足语（a., 介词短语，分词等）置入及物动词及其宾语之间，造成分隔。1） Many people consider impossible what is really possible.本来consider sth. , 现在 consider sth.汉译英：只要我认为合理的，他都认为不合理。2） On the other hand, he did not accept as well-founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. 合成词 well-founded 来自 found 创建， 例： They have founded their own company. 过去分词 founded 表示完成，即“建成了的”，加上副词well修饰，表层义为“很好地建立起来了的”，即“很站得住脚的”，引申为“理由充分的”，如，汉译英：他们的抱怨是有道理的。 类似地，establish 创建， 过去分词established，如，翻译：established habits，the established order; Established practices are difficult to modify. 再如，指人，an established favorite on TV, the established great writers of the past, the established置于句首的连词while的用法：阅读理解：While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. 翻译：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice mostly closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 副词as连词as的用法 汉译英：1）举个简单的例子，比如如何写信封。2）以大家都知道的人为例，比如那个中国篮球明星姚明。练习句型：汉译英：1）几乎人人都对幸福有自己的定义。2）虽然每位教育学家都对青少年教育有自己的见解，但是现代中国教育学家的实践还是最趋向于认为，教育试图培养起青少年一代未来独立面对、处理现实困难的能力。当while置于句中时，表示前后对比，是平行结构标志词之一，译作“而”。类似地，连词whereas的用法, 例如：In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrializationwith all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followedwas spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.（undergo+变化或者不快）注意：此用法中，whilewhereas 3） This calls into question the assumption that all gays are feminine.汉译英：由于社会的实际需要，一批夜校涌现了出来。4） （背景句：What is an intellectual？）I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems. 5） Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomenon.及物动词set， 使处于某种状况，使开始例如：set sb. doing sth. : 汉译英：很明显，该艺术家，通过画这样一组图，不光要告诉我们一只鸟的故事，更要引发我们对于地球上所有生物的命运以及整个自然环境更为严肃的思索。 抽象名词 train （my train of thought；a long train of men and horses; The princess and his train went out the city.）大纲解析中有类似这样的句子改写：Natural resources，which are supporters of our daily life, are vital to us. 冗赘，应改为Natural resources，_, are vital to us.反向思维，对于不方便理解的英文短语，我们可以加词_, 然后顺译。把介词短语改为从句：及物动词：trace 如果不认识，能否根据动宾搭配 trace the causes 而做出答案？词组：trace A to B, 从B中找寻A的根源，如 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behaviors to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. (science, or what is claimed to be science; what was once considered the weakness of will; what he calls “electronic heroin”; what the earlier generations named character failings)第二类，状语（ad., 介词短语等）I saw Xiao Hong in Xiao Mings home yesterday.现在想强调确实或者竟然是在“小明家”见到晓红的，那么如何改写？6） His function is analo