化学中常见英语单词或词组的英文翻译.doc

化学中常见英语单词或词组的英文翻译AcidA compound that yields H+ ions in solution or a solution with the concentration of H+ exceeding OH-.Acid ionization constantThe equilibrium constant describing the degree of dissociation of an acid. ActinidesThe row of elements below the periodic table, from thorium to lawrencium. AlkaliSynonym for base. Alkali metalsThe column of elements from lithium to francium. Alkaline earthsThe column of elements from beryllium to radium. AlkaneA hydrocarbon without a double bond, triple bond or ring structure. AlkeneA hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds and no triple bond. AlkyneA hydrocarbon with one or more triple bonds. Alpha particleA cluster of 2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity. AnionAn atom or molecule with a negative charge. AnodeThe negative electrode at which oxidation occurs. AqueousRefers to a solution with water as solvent. AromaticRefers to an organic compound with a benzene-like ring. AtomThe smallest amount of an element; a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atomic numberThe number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element. Atomic weightThe weight in grams of one mole of the chemical element; approximately the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Avogadros LawEqual volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. Avogadros Number6.02 x 1023 , the number of molecules in 1 mole of a substance.BaseA compound that yields OH- ions in solution or a solution with the concentration of OH- exceeding H+.Beta particleAn electron emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity. Boiling pointThe temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas. Boiling point elevationAn increase in the boiling point of a solution, proportional to the concentration of solute. Boyles LawThe volume of a gas varies directly with temperature.CalorieA unit of energy, equal to 4.184 joules. CatalystA substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being a reactant. CathodeThe positives electrode at which reduction occurs. CationAn atom or molecule with a positive charge. Charless LawThe volume a gas varies directly with temperature. CompoundA substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. ConcentrationThe relative abundance of a solute in a solution. CongenersElements with similar properties, found in one column of the periodic table. ConjugateAn acid and base that are related by removing or adding a single hydrogen ion. Covalent bondAtoms linked together by sharing valence electrons. Critical pointA point in a phase diagram where the liquid and gas states cease to be distinct. CrystallineThe regular, geometric arrangement of atoms in a solid.DecompositionA chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler compounds or elements. DissociationThe separation of a solute into constituent ions.Electric cellA device that uses a chemical reaction to produce an electric current.ElectrodeA conducting substance that connects an electrolyte to an external circuit. ElectrolysisThe decomposition of a substance by an electric current. ElectrolyteAn ionic substance that has high electrical conductivity. Electromotive forceThe electrical potential produced by a chemical reaction. It was abbreviated as EMF. ElectronA light subatomic particle with negative charge; found in orbitals surrounding an atomic nucleus. ElectronegativityA number describing the attraction of an element for electrons in a chemical bond. ElementA substance that cannot be decomposed; each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the nucleus. See the periodic table and the introduction for elements. EMFThe electrical potential produced by a chemical reaction, or electromotive force. EndothermicRefers to a reaction that requires heat. EnergyThe concept of motion or heat. EnthalpyThe thermodynamic quantity measuring the heat of a substance. EntropyThe thermodynamic quantity measuring the disorder of a substance. EquilibriumA balanced condition resulting from two opposing reactions. Equilibrium constantThe ratio of concentrations of products to reactants for a reaction at chemical equilibrium. ExothermicRefers to a reaction that releases heat.FaradayA unit of electric charge equal to that on 1 mole of electrons. Faradays Laws Two laws of electrolysis relating the amount of substance to the quantity of electric charge. FluidA liquid or gas. Free energyThe thermodynamic quantity measuring the tendency of a reaction to proceed; also called Gibbs free energy. Freezing pointThe temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid. Freezing point depressionThe decrease in freezing point of a solution, proportional to the concentration of solute. Gas constantR equals 0.082 liter-atmospheres per mole-degree. Gram formula weightAn amount of a substance equal in grams to the sum of the atomic weights. Ground stateThe electronic configuration of lower energy for an atom. GroupA column of elements in the periodic table.Half-reactionAn oxidation or reduction reaction with free electrons as a product or reactant. HalogensThe column of elements from fluorine to astatine. Heat capacityThe amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by 1C. HydrocarbonAn organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrogen bondA weak, secondary bond between a negative ion and a hydrogen atom that has a strong primary polar bond to another atom. HydroxylRefers to the OH- ion.Inert gasesThe column of elements from helium to radon; also called noble gases. IonAn tom with an electric charge due to gain or loss of electrons. Ionic bondAtoms linked together by the attraction of unlike charges. IonizationAdding or subtracting electrons from an atom; alternatively, the dissociatoion of a solute into ions. IsoelectronicRefers to several dissimilar atoms or ions with identical electronic configurations. IsomersSeveral molecules with the same composition but different structures.IsotopeA variety of an element characterizd by a specific number of neutrons in the nucleus.JouleA unit of energy equal to 0.239 calorie.LanthanidesThe row of elements beneath the periodic table, from cerium to lutetium; also called rare earths. Le Chateliers PrincipleA system that is disturbed adjusts so as to minimize the disturbance.LitmusAn indicator that turns red in acid and blue in alkaline solution.Melting pointThe temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. Metallic bondAtoms linked together by the migration of electrons from atom to atom. MetalsThe elements in the middle and left parts of the periodic table, except for hydrogen. MolalityThe number of moles of solute in 1 kilogram of solvent. MolarityThe number of moles of solute in q liter of solution. MoleAn amount of substance equal in grams to the sum of the atomic weights. Molecular formulaDescribe the ratio of elements in a molecule. MoleculeA group of atoms linked together by covalent bonds.NeutralizationThe chemical reaction of an acid and base to yield a salt and water. NeutronA heavy subatomic particle with zero charge; found in an atomic nucleus. Noble gasesThe column of elements from helium to radon; also called inert gases.NonmetalsThe elements in the upper right part of the periodic table, and also hydrogen. NucleonA proton or neutron found in an atomic nucleus. NucleusThe core of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.OrbitalA classification of the energy level occupied by up to 2 electrons. OrganicRefers to compounds based on carbon. OxidationA reaction involving the loss of electrons by an element. Oxidation numberA signed integer representing the real or hypothetical charge on an atom. OxideA compound of oxygen and another element.Periodic tableDisplay of the elements in order of atomic number with similar elements falling into columns. PHA number describing the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.PhaseA substance with uniform composition and definite physical state. Polar bondAtomic linkage with both ionic and covalent characteristics. PolyproticRefers to an acid with several hydrogens that can dissociate. PrecipitateA solid that separates from solution. ProductA substance on the right side of a chemical reaction. ProtonA heavy subatomic particle with a positive charge; found in an atomic nucleus.RadioactivityThe emission of subatomic particles from a nucleus. Rare earhsThe elements from cerium to lutetium; lanthanides. ReactantA substance on the left side of a chemical reaction. RedoxRefers to a reaction with simultaneous reduction and oxidation. ReductionA reaction involving the grain of electrons