定语从句的理解与翻译.doc

定语从句的理解与翻译一般来说，一个句子主要由主语和谓语两大部分所组成，定语在句子中不是主要部分。但作为名词词组中心语的修饰语，定语在准确理解句子的意义上确实起着非常重要的作用。在翻译的实践中，很多人经常苦于那些较长的定语，非凡是比较复杂的定语从句和多项定语的顺序排列，觉得无从下手，有时甚至完全脱离了原句的意义，违反了翻译工作中“信为第一”的基本原则。因此对英汉定语进行一些对比以及讨论一些翻译技巧是很有必要的。前置定语以及后置定语翻译时侧重点不同；定语从句是英语定语的一大特色，翻译时必须符合汉语的表达习惯。在此从定语的多种形式和用法方面出发，进行探讨，从而归纳出一些定语翻译的技巧。一、定语从句（一）定义 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）就是用一个句子在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词被称为先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。如：The $25 billion tax cut that he (Carter) will propose is designed to revive business confidence.卡特将提出的减税二百五十亿美元的计划，目的在于恢复企业界的信心。Anyone who chooses can apply.有意者均可申请。I know the man you mean.我知道你说的那个人He is a man whom everybody respects.他是一个大家都尊敬的人.（二）功用定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的，但间或也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分.如：He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to go to hospital and be operated on.他可能得了急性阑尾炎，如果是这样，他就得住院动手术。（in which 修饰整个句子）She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。（修饰句子的一部分：patient towards the children.）二分类（一）限制性定从句：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）1. 从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。2. 先行词可以用that 引导。3. 引导词有时可以省略。4. 主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开。5. 从句只修饰先行词。（二）非限制性定从句：非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. 从句可以省略，如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。2. 先行词不可以用that 引导。3. 引导词不可以省略。4. 主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。5. 从句即可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。由关系代词引导的定语从句： 关系代词例句That在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时that 可省略)指物1.A plane is a machine that can fly. (作主语)2.The noodles （that） I cooked were delicious. (作宾语)指人1.Who is the man that is reading the book over there? (作主语)2.The girl (that) we say yesterday was Jims sister. (作宾语)Which在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)指物1.The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. (作主语)2.The songs （which） Liu Dehua sang were very popular. (作宾语)Who, whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语（如果介词放在从句后面，则whom可以省略）指人1.The foreiger who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. (作主语)2.The boy who break the window is called Roy. (作主语)3.The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li. (作宾语)4.Mrs White is the person to whom you should write. (作宾语)Whose 在从句中作定语指人或物的所有格I like the girl whose hair is long. (作定语) 由以上表格可以看出各引导词在定语从句中的成分三that, who, whom, whose 用法定语从句中，一般的从句关系代词是which、who、whom、that、 whose, 其代替主句中的人或物，在从句中做主语、宾语或定语。具体用法如下:（一）who 的用法先行词指人，在定从中作主语或宾语，作主语时who不能省略。限制性定从中可用that代替who; 非限制性定从中，则不能用that 代替who。在限制性定从中，先行词指人在从句中作宾语时用whom/ that引导，也可以用who代替，均可省略。（二）定语从句中常用who 的情况1.先行词是those (那些人)、people (仅有people一个先行词时)、anyone等Eg: Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.2.非限制性定从中，先行词指人在从句中作主语时3.在限制性定从中，先行词指人且和从句分开时Eg: A new teacher will come who will teach you German.（三）Whom 用法先行词指人且在从句中作宾语时用whom, 若在限制性定从中，whom= that/ who 且可省略；在非限制性定从中，只能用whom 且不能省略。（四）在定语从句中，先行词指人在从句中作宾语且从句中的介词被提到whom之前时，仅用whom.Eg: I dont know the man with whom you shook hands just now.= I dont know the man(that/ who/whom) you shook hands just now.（五）Whose 用法Whose 引导定语从句时，先行词指人、物，但whose 后必跟名词一起构成引导词，且该名词与先行词有所属关系。Eg: Tom is a boy whose brother is a lawyer. It is a house whose windows are broken.四When, where 与that, which的区别（先行词指时间、地名时）（一）When的用法：先行词指时间且在从句中作状语，when=介词+which.(此时的介词常根据时间前的常用法和语义而定)Eg: He still remembers the day when/ on which he joined the army. Thats the period when/ during which he studied at the school.（二）where用法：先行词是地点名词或代词且在从句中作状语时，用where=介词+which eg: This is the house where/ in which he used to live. It is a wooden board where/ on which you can sleep. 归纳点：1关系副词是when, where, why(=for which),在定语从句中不存在省略现象2. 先行词在定语从句中作成分的判断方法：若先行词在定语从句中不能作主语、宾语、表语时，则必作状语，这时应该选用恰当的关系副词或介词+which; 反之，则选用关系副词或介词+which五As, which之别（先行词是句子内容时）（一）定语从句前置时用asEg: As you know, he is an honest man (= He is an honest man, as you know.)（二）定语从句中的谓语动词是know, say, announce, report, expect, realize 等表示“认识、了解”时，常用as Eg: About 100 people were badly injured in the accident, as was reported.（三）which引导这种定语从句时常把从句放在主句之后Eg: His dog died, which made Cruose very sad.（四） as 引导的这种从句还可放在主句中间Eg: The Chinese, as you know, used “ foreign oil” in the old days.六常用as 的情况：（先行词指人，物，时间，地点）（一）先行词中有the same, such, so时，定语从句用as引导和用that引导，其意思大相径庭Eg: This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. (这支笔象我昨天丢的那支)Eg: This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. (这正是我昨天丢的那支笔)七介词+ which (whom) 的用法种种（一）介词+which: 先行词是地点、时间和原因且在从句中作状语，一般可对应等于where、 when和why1.why=for + which eg: This is the reason why ( for which) she was late for the class.（先行词在从句中作状语）比较：This is the reason (that/ which) he told me for his being late.(先行词在从句中作表语) The reason is that he got up too late yesterday.(表语从句时用that引导)2.where=介词+ which eg: The school where (in which) he studied takes on a new look.注：若是“from, in front of , beside.+ which” 表示方位变化时，则不能换成where.Eg: Can you see the house in front of which stands a boy?3.when=介词 +whicheg: Please tell me the exact time when (at which) we will leave tomorrow.注：若“until , till, since, after, before + which”表示时间变化，则不能换成when.Eg: I saw Tom yesterday before which he had stayed in Beijing.（二）不定代词（all, many, much, none, several, some, few, most, any, a few, a little, little）或基数词+ of which / whom 用法注：which 引导这种从句时，先行词指物、时间、地名；whom 引导这种从句时，先行词指人。这两种从句均为非限制性定语从句。Eg: a.You can see the windows, all of which are broken。比较：You can see the windows, and all of them are broken.b.There are 30 boys in the class, most of whom like football。比较：There are 30 boys in the class, and most of them like football.（三）“介词+ which ( whose) + 名词 ” 用法 eg: Nathan Hale was an American in whose boot the enemy found the map.（四）“名词 + of which= whose + 名词” 用法 eg: Did you know the book the cover of which ( whose cover ) was red?（五）“介词 + which + to do “ 用法 eg: a. You need a desk on which to put the bottles.b.Della only had five dollars with which to buy her husband a cheap chain.八定语从句与同位语从句之别笼统而言，同位语从句中，引导词前面的词的内容等于从句中句子的内容，即：从句内容是对引导前面的那个词的解释或说明。Eg: He received the order that he ( should ) finish the job on time. （同位语从句 ）比较：He received the order ( that/ which ) the officer had given ( 定语从句 )同位语从句往往位于名词answer, belief, doubt, decision, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, news, order, problem, promise, truth等后，充当同位语。 (一)、 定语从句是形容词从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的, 它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句是名词从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的, 它与先行词是同位关系。例如a We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。 b We heard the news that he had won the game我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。 例a中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词，其作用是修饰the news；例b中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对the news的进一步说明。 （二）、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如 a. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 b. The fact that they didnt finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。 例a中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分，作从句的主语，故为定语从句；例b中的that只起连接作用，引导从句解释fact的内容，不作任何句子成分，故为同位语从句。 （三）、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。例如 The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。 上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是： The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。 (四)、由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。例如： a. I still reme