术语翻译小材料.doc

翻译意识和技巧的培养需要涉及以下几个方面：第一：要对翻译的重要性有深刻的、充分的认识，翻译的对与错、好与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如，天涯海角：不是the End of the World (应为Lands End / End of the Earth) 。再如，一小时内免费送机票上门：不是We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.（应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.）第二：要善于仔细地、深入地、准确地理解中文原文的意思。这是因为准确的理解是做好翻译的前提。例如，摸着石头过河：不是crossing the river by feeling the stones。(而是wade across the stream by feeling the way )正确的做法应该是按照下面的步骤去做：1.“摸着石头过河”的字面意思如何理解？2.它有什么暗含或延伸的意思？3.英语里有没有相同或类似的说法？.如果有，就可以直接借用；如果没有，是进行直译还是意译？4.如果直译为 crossing the river by feeling the stones是否能被外国人理解？5.过河是乘船过(crossing by boat)还是淌水过(wading across)，动词用什么形式？6.这里的河是大河、中河还是小河 (river, stream, brook, etc.)？7.摸的方式是用手摸还是用脚触？8.石头是大石头还是小石头(rock, stone, pebble, etc.)？9.如果意译为 learning by experiment / by trial and error是否可取？10.直译和意译相结合wading across the stream by feeling the way如何？第三：中文和英文的对应词有时意思并不相同或者不完全相同，不能照字面翻译。例如，他的英语说得真好，就像外国人一样。不是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a foreigner.而是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a native speaker.拉动经济增长：不是pull economic growth，而是push/lift/increase/boost/stimulate/spur/drive/fuel/speed up/accelerate/generate/ fire up/ propel/ facilitate/reinforce/aid/assist/support/promote/encourage/foster/(sustain/maintain)。素质教育：不是quality education，而是caliber-focused education 或trait-centered education。第四：有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分，部分信息被省略了或被隐藏起来了。例如，特区是个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是对外政策的窗口。不是：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 而是The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how. It is also a window through which todisseminateChinas external policies.再如，退耕还林：不是return farmland to forest，而应该是restore “woodland-converted farm-plots” back for afforesting 。春运：不是spring transportation，而是the rush / peak season of passenger transportation during the Spring Festival。第五：有些中文词语没有什么特殊涵义，而与之相对应的英文词语却有着特殊的涵义。例如，与“便宜”、“价廉”相对应的“cheap,”它有时候会带有贬义，成为“质次价低”的意，如cheap jewelries, cheap dresses, cheap furniture 等。我们可以说I bought a cheap watch for my child，对小孩无所谓；但不能说I bought a cheap dress for my girlfriend. 因为这样说会冒犯对方。在后一种情况下必须用inexpensive一词。第六：避免用中式英语进行表达，而要尽量用地道的英语进行表达。假如我们要把“我过去学过一些法语，但现在都忘了，都还给老师了”这句话翻译成英语，最好不要说 I learned some French in the past. Now I have forgotten it. Ive returned it to the teacher. 比较好的说法是 I used to know some French, but Ive forgotten it. It has found its way back to my teacher.再比如我们要用英语说“我攒了一大堆赃衣服，等着周末来洗，”最好不要说I have accumulated a large amount of dirty clothes. Im going to wash them at the weekend. 比较好的说法是 I have a lot of laundry to catch up at the weekend.第七：根据不同场合，英语的表达有庄重(formal) 与随意(informal) 之分。比如“禁止吸烟”（No Smoking）、“请勿吸烟”(Thank you for not smoking) 和“为了您和他人的健康，请勿在此吸烟”（For hygienes sake, please refrain yourself from smoking in this room.）下面两组例子中都各包含有formal- normal - informal 三种文体风格(style):Please await instructions before dispatching items.Please wait for instructions before sending items off.Dont send anything off until youre told to do so.Essential measures should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity.One should undertake any necessary measures at the earliest opportunity.You should do whatever you have to as soon as you can.第八：要注意各行各业的不同术语的选择。比如我们要把“专业签证人员”翻译成英语，那么我们就要按照外交用语的习惯把它翻译为visa officers，而不应该照字面上翻译成specialized visa personnel。“安居工程” 的英译不是housing project for low-income urban residents，而应该按照社会经济用语的习惯翻译为the Affordable Housing Program; “信息化”的英译不是informatization 或informationization，而应该按照高科技行业习惯翻译为the spreading / sweeping information explosion / the information explosion process / trend; “外资企业”的英译不是overseas-funded enterprises,而应该按照外贸行业习惯翻译为enterprises with foreign investment / enterprises with foreign elements；再比如，高速公路上的警示语“请勿疲劳驾驶，”翻译成英语不是Dont drive tiredly，按照交通法规术语应该翻译为Drowsy driving is dangerous 或Drive alert, arrive alive。第九：注意汉语和英语之间的文化差异。把“相声”翻译成英语不能只是翻译其形式，还要翻译其内涵。翻译成cross talk 外国人不明白；不如翻译为comic dialogue 更好懂。再如，假设我们要把“以外贸为龙头”翻译成英语，能不能直接翻译为with foreign trade as the dragon head呢？这样翻译是很难让外国人明白的，因为“以为龙头”这个说法是源自耍龙灯的习俗，而多数外国人不一定熟悉中国人的这一习俗。为了取得好的翻译效果，最好是用能够跨越文化障碍的表达方法，如“火车头”或“旗舰”：with foreign trade as thelocomotive/flagship。但是不能机械地对待一切类似的翻译问题，我们的头脑里应该有一点辩证法。比如汉语的“鱼米之乡”(land of fish and rice)，在英语里有一个类似的说法land of milk and honey，但由于land of fish and rice 外国人也能理解，不会造成跨化交流的障碍，所以我们可以采用land of fish and rice的说法，以保留一点中国的特色。第十：对于暗含的意思，必须把它明白地翻译出来，这样便于外国读者理解。例如，”东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴”中的“晴”字，它是个双关语，有“天晴”和“爱情”的双重意思。我们在翻译的时候，必须做到二者兼顾：Its sunny in the east but in the west its raining hard.Whether rain or sunshine, hes the sunshine in my heart.再如，“这种鞋油为您足下增光”中的“足下”也是个双关语，翻译的时候也必须把两层意思都表达出来：This shoe shine shines your shoes and you look great.第十一：有时候，比如翻译诗句，光翻译字面上的意思是不够的，还必须把字里行间的深度、力量和美感表达出来。例如，朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨：不是 Wines and meats become rotten in the mansions; Dead bones become rotten at the doors of them， 而是：In the mansions, rolling luxury allows wine and meat to go rotten away;On the streets, grinding poverty causes dead bodies to freeze and decay.第十二：汉语和英语在语法语序和句子结构上都有很大的差别。因此，在进行中译英的时候必须要考虑到这些方面的变化。例如，改革开放开放取得了巨大的成就：不是The economic reform and the opening-up have made great achievements. 而是把“巨大的成就”当作主语，把主动语态变成被动语态：Great achievements have been made in the economic reform and in our efforts to open-up China to the outside world.综上所述，一个好的翻译人员必须具有高屋见瓴的视角，要懂得翻译的真谛是什么。要想提高汉英翻译水平，必须加强对上述各种意识的培养。必须养成多层次、多角度的思维习惯。国际组织名称英中文对照及缩写 来源： 傅彦琦的日志 African Development Fund 非洲开发基金 ADFAfrican Groundnut Council 非洲花生理事会 AGCAfrican Liberation Committee 非洲解放委员会African Postal Union 非洲邮政联盟 AFPUAfrican Postal and Telecommunication Union 非洲邮政电信联盟 APU/ATUAfrican Timber Organization 非洲木材组织 ATOAgency for the Protection of Number weapons in Latin America拉丁美洲禁止核武器组织 OPANALAmerican International Chamber of Commerce 美国国际商会Andean Pact Organization 安第斯条约组织（安第斯集团） Andean GroupAndean Reserve Fund 安第斯储备基金会 FARAnzus Council 澳新美理事会Arab African International Bank 阿拉伯-非洲国际银行Arab Common Market 阿拉伯共同市场Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development 阿拉伯经济和社会发展基金会AFESDArab Inter-Parliamentary Union 阿拉伯议会联盟 AIPUArab-Latin American Bank 阿拉伯-拉丁美洲银行 ARLABANKArab Monetary Fund 阿拉伯货币基金组织 AMFArab Organization for Standardization and Metrology 阿拉伯标准化和计量组织ASMOArab States Broadcasting Union 阿拉伯国家广播联盟 ASBUArab Summit Conference 阿拉伯国家首脑会议ASEAN Regional Forum 东盟地区论坛 ARFAsian-African Conference（Bandung Conference） 亚非会议（万隆会议）Asian and Pacific Coconut Community 亚洲和太平洋椰子共同体 APCCAsian Cleaning Union 亚洲清算联盟 ACUAsian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行 ADBAssociation of Iron Ore Exporting Countries 铁矿砂出口国协会 APEFAssociation of Natural Rubber Producing Countries 天然橡胶生产国协会ANRPCAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations 东南国家联盟（东盟） ASEANAsian Organization of Supreme Audit Institution 亚洲最高审计组织ASOSAIBank of the Central African States 中非国家银行 EBACBenelux Economic Union 比荷卢经济联盟Caribbean Community 加勒比共同体Caribbean Multinational Shipping Company 加勒比多国海运公司Cartagena Group 卡塔赫纳集团Central African Monetary Union 中非货币同盟Central American Bank of Economic Integration 中美洲经济一体化银行 BCIECentral American Common Market 中美洲共同市场 CACMCivil Aviation Council of Arab States 阿拉伯国家民用航空理事会 CACASCommission of the Cartagena Agreement 卡塔赫纳协定委员会 JUNACCommonwealth 英联邦Cocoa Producers Alliance 可可生产者联盟 CPACommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA独立国家联合体 CISConference of Non-Aligned Countries 不结盟国家会议Conference on Confidence and Security-Building Measures andDisarmament in Europe (Conference on Disarmament in Europe)在欧洲建立信任与安全措施和裁军会议（欧洲裁军会议）Consultative Assembly Between the African Caribbean and PacificState (ACP) and the European Economic Community (EEL)非洲、加勒比和太平洋地区国家-欧洲经济共同体咨询会议Contadora Group 孔塔多拉集团Co-ordinating Committee for Export to Communist Countries 巴黎统筹委员会COCOMCoordination Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries 不结盟国家协调局Council for Cultural Cooperation 文化合作理事会 CCCCouncil for Mutual Economic Assistance 经济互助委员会（经互会） CMEACouncil of Arab Economic Unity 阿拉伯经济统一体理事会 CAEUCustoms Cooperation Council 海关合作理事会 CCCDanube Commission 多瑙河委员会Desert Locust Control Organization for Eastern Africa 东非控制沙漠蝗虫组织DLCO-EAEast African Community 东非共同体 EACEAST ASIA-LATIN AMERICA FORUM 东亚拉美论坛 EALAFEconomic Commission for Africa 非洲经济委员会 ECAEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 ESCAPEconomic Commission for Europe 欧洲经济委员会 ECEEconomic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会 ECLAEconomic and Social Commission for Western Asia 西亚经济社会委员会ECWAEconomic Community of Central African States 中非国家经济共同体 CEEACEconomic Community of the Great Lakes Countries 大湖国家经济共同体CEPGLEconomic Community of West African States 西非国家经济共同体 ECOWASEuropean Atomic Energy Community 西欧原子能共同体 EURATOMEuropean Coal and Steel Community 西欧煤钢共同体 ECSCEuropean Conference of Ministers of Transport 欧洲交通部长会议 ECMTEuropean Communities 欧洲共同体 ECEuropean Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济和货币同盟 EMUEuropean Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟 EFTAEuropean Investment Bank 欧洲投资银行 EIBEuropean Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金组织 EMCFEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research 欧洲核研究组织 CERNEuropean Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation 欧洲航行安全组织EUROCONIROLEuropean Space Agency 欧洲航天局 ESAEuropean Union 欧洲联盟 EUFood Aid Committee 粮食援助委员会Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 联合国粮食及农业组织FAOFrance-African Summit Conference 法国-非洲国家首脑会议French Community 法兰西共同体General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税和贸易总协定 GATTGeneva Conference on Disarmament 日内瓦裁军谈判会议 CDGroup of Africa，Caribbean and Pacific Region Countries非洲、加勒比和太平洋地区国家集团 Group of ACPGroup of Latin American and Caribbean Sugar Exporting Countries拉丁美洲和加勒比糖出口国集团 GEPLACEAGroup of 77 七十七国集团Group of Ten (Paris Club) 十国集团（巴黎俱乐部）Group of Twenty Four 二十四国集团Jerusalem Committee 耶路撒冷委员会Join Institute for Nuclear Research 联合原子能研究所 JINBIndian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation环印度洋地区合作联盟Inter-African Coffee Organization 中非国家咖啡组织 IACOInter-American Development Bank 泛美开发银行 IDBInter-American Nuclear Energy Commission 美洲国家核能委员会 IANECIntergovernmental Bureau for Informatics 政府间信息局 IBIIntergovernmental Committee for Migration 政府间移民委员会 ICMIntergovernmental Copyright Committee 政府间版权委员会 ICCIntergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries 铜出口政府间委员会CIPECInternational Association of Mercury Producer 国际水银生产者协会International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构 IAEAInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development国际复兴开发银行（世界银行） IBRD或 World BankInternational Bauxite Association 国际铝矾土协会 IBAInternational Bureau of Education 国际教育局 IBEInternational Bureau of Weight and Measures 国际计量局 BIPMInternational Cable Protection Committee 国际电缆保护委员会 ICPCInternational Civil Aviation Organization 国际民用航空组织 ICAOInternational Civil Defence Organization 国际民防组织 ICDOInternational Cocoa Organization 国际可可组织 ICCOInternational Coffee Organization 国际咖啡组织International Commission for the Protection of the Moselle AgainstPollution 保护摩泽尔河流防止污染国际委员会International Commission for the Southeast Atlantic Fisheries东南大西洋渔业国际委员会 ICSEAFInternational Commission on Irrigation and Drainage 国际排灌委员会ICIDInternational Committee for European Security and Co-operation欧洲安全与合作国际委员会 CISCEInternational Committee for Physical Education and Sport of UNESCO联合国科教文组织政府间体育运动委员会 ICPES or ICPESUNESCOInternational Cotton Advisory Committee 国际棉花咨询委员会 ICACInternational Council for the Exploration of the Sea 国际海洋考察理事会ICESInternational Court of Justice 国际法院 ICJInternational Criminal Organization 国际刑事警察组织 INTERPOLInternational Development Association 国际开发协会 IDAInternational Economic Cooperation Conference 国际经济合作组织（南北对话） TheNorth-South DialogueInternational Energy Agency 国际能源机构 IEAInternational Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 IFCInternational Fund for Agriculture Development 国际农业发展基金会 IFADInternational Investment Bank 国际投资银行 IIBInternational Jute Organization 国际黄麻组织International Labour Organization 国际劳工组织 ILOInternational Lead and Zine Study Group 国际铅锌研究小组 ILZSGInternational Maritime Satellite Organization 国际海事卫星组织INMARSATInternational Monetary Fund 国际货币基金会 IMFInternational Natural Rubber Organization 国际天然橡胶组织 INROInternational Olive Oil Council 国际橄榄油理事会 IOOCInternational Organization of Legal Metrology 国际法定度量衡组织 OIMLInternational Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions 国际最高审计机关组织INTOSALInternational Patent Cooperation Union 国际专利合作同盟International Radio and Television Organization 国际广播电视组织 OIRTInternational Rubber Study Group 国际橡胶研究小组 IRSCInternational Sugar Organization 国际糖业组织International Tea Committee 国际茶叶委员会 ITCInternational Tea Promotion Association 国际茶叶促进协会 ITPAInternational Telecommunications Satellite Organization 国际通信卫星组织INTELSATInternational Telecommunications Union 国际通信联盟 ITUInternational Tin Council 国际锡理事会 ITCInternational Whaling Commission 国际捕鲸委员会 IWCInternational Wheat Council 国际小麦理事会 IMCIslamic Broadcasting Organization 伊斯兰广播组织 IBOIslamic Development Bank 伊斯兰发展银行 IDBIslamic States Broadcasting Organization 伊斯兰国家广播组织 ISBOIslamic Summit Conference 伊斯兰国家首脑会议Lake Chad Basin Commission 乍得湖区域委员会 CBLTLatin American Economic System 拉丁美洲经济体系 LAESLatin American Energy Organization 拉丁美洲能源组织 OLADELatin American Integration Association 拉丁美洲一体化协会 LAIALeague of Arab States 阿拉伯国家联盟Lima Group 利马集团Madrid Union for the International Registration of Marks马德里国际标记注册同盟Niger Basin Authority 尼日尔河流组织Non-Aligned Movement 不结盟运动Nordic Council 北欧理事会 NCNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织（北约） NATONorth Atlantic Fisheries Organization 北大西洋渔业组织 NAFOOECD Nuclear Energy Agency 经济合作与发展组织核能机构 NEAOrganization of American Oilseeds Producers 非洲油料生产国组织Organization of African Unity 非洲统一组织 OAUOrganization of American States 美洲国家组织 OASOrganization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries 阿拉伯石油输出国组织OAPECOrganization of Central American States 中美洲国家组织 OCASOrganization of Eastern Caribbean States 东加勒比国家组织 OECSOrganization of the Islamic Conference 伊斯兰会议组织 OICOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织（欧佩克）OPECOrganization for Economic Co-Operation and Development经济合作与发展组织（经合组织） OECDOrganization for the Development of the River Cambia 冈比亚河发展组织OMVGOrganization for the Development of the Senegal River 开发塞内加尔河组织OMVSPermanent Commission for the South Pacific 南太平洋国家常设委员会 CPPSPermanent Consultative Committee of the Maghreb 马格里布常设咨询委员会PCCMPermanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel萨赫勒地带国家间抗旱常设委员会 ICDCSPermanent Secretariat of the General Treaty on Central AmericaEconomic Integration 中美洲经济一体化总条约常设秘书处 SIECRegion Co-operation for Development 区域发展合作组织 RCDScientific Technical and Research Commission of the Organization ofAfrican Unity 非洲统一组织科技研究委员会 STRCOAU/STRCSouth and West Asia Postal Union 西南亚邮政同盟 SWAPUSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 南亚区域合作联盟SAARCSouth-East Asia Lumber Producers Association 东南亚木材生产者协会SEALPASoutheast Asian Ministers of Education Organization 东南亚教育部长组织SEAMEOSouthern African Customs Union 南部非洲关税同盟South Pacific Commission 南太平洋委员会 SPCSouth-South Conference 南南会议Standing Conference of Atlantic Organization 大西洋组织常设会议 SCAOSummit Conference of Major Cities of the World 世界大城市首脑会议Summit of Five Portuguese-Speaking Countries in Africa非洲葡语国家五国首脑会议The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 和平利用外层空间委员会COPUOSThe Council of Europe 欧洲委员会The Preferential Trade Area of Eastern and Southern Africa东部和南部非洲优惠贸易区 PTAThe Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and PeacefulUses of Outer Space 第三次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议The Warsaw Treaty Organization 华沙条约组织（华约） WTOTreaty of Amazonian Cooperation 亚马逊合作条约组织Union for Banana Exporting Countries 香蕉出口国联盟 UPEBUnion of Central Africa States 中非国家联盟 UEACUnion for the International Registration of Trade Marks国际商标注册同盟United Nations 联合国 UNUnited Nations Administration Tribunal 联合国行政法庭United Nations Administrative Office 联合国行政事务处United Nations Broad of Auditors 联合国审计委员会United Nations Capital Development Fund 联合国资本发展基金 UNCDFUnited Nations Centre for Development Planning，Projections andPolicies 联合国发展规划、预测和政策中心 UNCDPPPUnited Nations Centre for Disarmament 联合国裁军中心 UNCDUnited Nations Centre for Housing，Building and Planning联合国住房、造房和规划中心 UNCHBPUnited Nations Centre for Human Settlements(Habitat) 联合国人类住区（生境）中心UNCHSUnited Nations Centre for Industrial Development 联合国工业发展中心UNCIDUnited Nations Centre for Natural Resources，Energy and Transport联合国自然资源、能源和运输中心United Nations Centre for Projection Planning and Policy联合国计划、设计和政策中心 UNCPPPUnited Nations Centre for Regional Development 联合国区域发展中心UNCRDUnited Nations Centre for Social Development and HumanitarianAffairs 联合国社会发展和人道主义事业中心 UNCSDHAUnited Nations Centre on Science and Technology for Development联合国科学和技术促进发展中心 UNC-STDUnited Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations 联合国跨国公司中心UNCTCUnited Nations Childrens Fund 联合国儿童基金会 UNICEEUnited Nations Commission on Human Rights 联合国人权委员会United Nations Commission on International Trade Law 联合国国际贸易法委员会UNCITRALUnited Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs 联合国麻醉药品委员会United Nations Committee on International Criminal Jurisdiction联合国国际刑事管辖问题委员会United Nations Commission on Transnational Corporations联合国跨国公司委员会United Nations Common Fund 联合国共同基金会United Nations Conference on Environment and