机械手外文翻译.doc

吉林化工学院机电工程学院毕业设计（论文）译文The closely clean forming techniqueThe closely clean forming technique is after the part take shape, the worker only needing a few processes or not in addition, and the mechanical forming technique constructing the part of available works. Having transformed Mao Pis forming technique of tradition on it is to build at the new material and the new sources of energy and the mechanical and electrical integration and precise many branches of learning high and new technology achievements foundation such as mould technology , computer technology , automation technology , numeric analysis and simulation technique etc , cause that makes roughly takes shape the forming technique that becomes the high quality and high efficiency , high precision and the gently quantification and the low cost . The rough degree on surface of bit precision reconciliation that it makes that the shaping machinery constructs the size precision that piece possesses the accurate appearance and high and the shape. Specialty domains such as this technology including the closely clean shape casts shaping , accurately plasticity is shaping , accurately connection , precisely heat treatment is modified and superficial modified and high precision mould etc , and is new technology and new clothes fully and newly material as well as all new the synthetically integration technology of technology achievements .Since following the 70s , a large number of funds and manpower has been dive into with the closely clean forming technique of industry bound pair in each industry advanced country government , and making this technology get very fast the development , because the protruding contribution to the competition ability in market of this technology , the quilt is American and Japan government and enterprise list the key technology that the 90s influenced the competition ability , his output value increase range also far mores than the manufacturing industry output value increases the range . Major development trend has:Constantly developing closely cleanly to take shape the new technology industry advanced country devotes self to continuously to develop closely clean to take shape the new technology, and all there is a very big progress in the various domain in that this special subject involves, thus the closely clean formation specific gravity that the shape occupies and shaping precision as well as the complicated level of shaping part all has raising very greatly. Such as automobile jar aspect cast has been accomplished that the wall thickly at 3 - 4mm,s car gear wheel has had a lot can to use cold press production, tooth shape not in addition worker. The part that the speed universal joint parts such as car etc are very complicated can use accurate plasticity forming technique next life to produce. The car connecting rod not only size precision is high, and the weight deviation is also small, and the car connecting rod weight precision can have been controlled below 3 - 4%, and these technology has all pushed forward car self-respect reduction and the capability is raised, and raises along with the shaping precision having developed one batch of near clean shaping technology. New the development and is used closely clean takes shape, has also introduced one batch of new near clean shaping technology. All these all make this technology form the five colors confusedly to assume and compete the aspect developed. At the closely clean forming technique of our country the specific gravity occupying in whole shaping manufacturing production is still fairly lower , and shaping precision overall standard equally hang down 1 - 2 grade than the advanced country , and some newly technology has only a small number of enterprises to use , and a lot complicated hard shaping our country still can not produce , partly advanced equipment and manipulator robot taking shape , very greatly one part high the horizontal automation production line internally still can not form a complete set to provide , therefore the overall standard than abroad is behind 15 - 25 years .The forming technique that optimizes the clean shaping technology parameter tradition is the technology built on experience and experimental data foundation to application technology simulation technique , and lays down the new part technology taking shape often still carrying on the large numbers modifications debugging when production . The especially computational techniques development of nonlinearity problem makes simulation analysis and the optimization of shaping course become possibility to computer and the computational techniques development , abroad by way of large numbers works to have formed casting , forgings and answers the multiple items commerce software such as press and mould CAD/CAM etc , the strong promotion the near clean forming technique development , our country has done a lot working at the aspect of simulation analysis research , but physical strength is scattered , and the input of every unit is all inadequate , and individual event research is many , becomes commodity software few , now abroad takes shape the software enters the internal market in succession , also expose cost indisposed closing the problems such as national condition etc . Setting out from national condition, and organizes the superiority unit, developing the technology imitation and optimizes work, the development first-in is suitable software, and is the problem should solve at present time. Constantly developing to suit closely clean shaping production with robot and manipulator closely cleanly to take shape is large quantities of capacity are produced usually , need to the construction automate production line , need to there be corresponding a manipulator and robot . The work at high temperature is gone off work usually again to diversify nature owing to the work environment. Therefore there are different characteristics in the robot of cold working and assembly usefulness of closely clean shaping manipulator and robot with generally. At the abroad difference being directed against shaping technology need to , works and has grasped the design manufacture technique of a series of shaping manipulator and robots by way of many years , the development that our country production is used shaping robot and the manipulator except partly recommends the digestion development and by self can provide the enterprise need to , most products still need to researches and develop or by way of recommends digests absorb develops , forms the seriating step by step.Developing and use closely clean one-tenth opens that the automatic production line and flexible production line builds thread and control technique , and constantly raises the near clean shaping majority that large quantities of capacity of production efficiency abroad were produced having used the transfer machine to produce , and studying and build in this kind of production line in the industry advanced country has tens calendar history to the merits such as stabilizes thus possessing productivity quality and the working condition is good etc , and along with the requirement to the product individualization of people , has appeared some flexible production lines . Some emphatic enterprises of our country recommend equipment and have built some closely clean shaping production lines , ( such as two vapor was purchased 12000 tons of hot contour forging press production transfer machines into German Austria Muds section corporation not phase in the 70s ) one after another in the 70s - 80 earlier stages dependence . Later the development with decides for self by way of recommends , our country can completely rely on the hot contour forging production line of internal technology and equipment construction in the 90s early . Still having a lot of production line construction technology , the internal control not yet must be grasped these technology in next beginning of the century 10 years , can be according to the internal enterprise requirement , and the production line and flexible production line of different automation level are built .Attaching importance to the quality control of closely clean shaping production process , and raise the abroad enterprise of quality compatibility , and doing quite producing full the quality control of course for on the one hand the guaranty product quality is strengthened the management , on the other hand by way of the automation in the production process with the intelligence control in order to pledge that the closely clean shaping production quality is stable , and various online checkouts of development and cannot harm checkout technology and instrument , and has carried on research and the application of statistics course control technique , thus quality and precision that makes the shaping part are reliable . Still there is the not truant distance in mentioned above several key technology our country, and also needs to grasp as quickly as possible, thus pledges final quality taking shape. Developing the development invented manufacturing of recent years and network manufacturing that invented manufacturing and the network of closely clean forming technique was made along with computer and the network technology begins getting in the abroad attaching importance to and developing, and the universal scope of closely clean shaping enterprise of our country is smaller, and the technical force is inadequate, and the information is not capable to work. Because the rapid development of recent years our country network message industry , one batch of scientific research organization in our country and school and accumulated the gentle part of one batch of research achievements , if by way of the association and the association and productive forces promotes many kinds of ways at the center enterprise and research unit and school organization , open-minded invented manufacturing and the network makes , carries on the service with compensation , and is effective way of scientific research achievements Commoditization probably , also will be effective way that raises the entire technology standard of trade .By way of the science and technology storming a strategic pass and the industrialization , and makes the closely clean forming technique can catch up with or be close to the international advanced standard at the aspect that major , and the innovation is had in the part of technology; Since by way of storms a strategic pass technology , industrialization , complete set foliation and can provide advanced complete set of technology to the enterprise , can provide the needs with the satisfied enterprise of individual event technology , strives for to accomplish the internal technology can satisfy the 85 - 90%, of enterprise requirement in the most part direction can basic shelves living technical equipment forming a complete set enters port .The major research content ( 1 ) new technology and his industrialization of closely clean formation shape : The technology such as Hans closely clean shaping casting , accurately plasticity is shaping , high quality high efficiency accurately connection , accurately heat treatment is modified , high quality high efficiency superficial modified reaches and coats , complicated high precision mould etc and his synthetically application , be dead against in the mentioned above direction enterprise urgent need and compound new technology and the general character technology developed, provides new technology and new method and new clothes prepares , accumulates the perfect technology data , and achieves practicability .2) Closely clean shaping technology simulation analysis and optimization: Study to solve takes shape the key technology of technology imitation, and makes three to tie up simulation software perfectization, ageingizations and the Commoditization, for the closely clean shaping technology parameter that provides optimization.( 3 ) the closely clean shaping production line is with manipulator and robot : Study closely clean shaping models that the production line needs ( forging and pressing , press , die-casting and welding etc ) manipulator and robot , and makes it achieve seriating , ageingization and satisfy the production line construction needs .( 4 ) the thread technology is built in closely clean shaping production transfer machine and flexible production line : The thread technology is built in closely clean the formations shape automatic production line of the control takes the technology as nucleus research , lays special emphasis on postgraduate product thread control and online checkout technology , and accomplishes the production line of different mechanize and automation level of fund construction can with probably provide according to the enterprise production programmer , also will be according to the development needs , the construction part flexible production line .( 5 ) the quality control technology of production process : And the research application of statistics course control technique by way of online intelligence control technology , cannot harm checkout technology achieves the full course quality control to closely clean formation , thus is pledging the end product quality. ( 6 ) the invented manufacturing and the network manufacture technique of closely clean forming technique : It is many be dead against the middle and small enterprise of profession industry , the low characteristic of internal enterprise technology standard , and association , association and productive forces promotes the center closely to combine , establishment invented manufacturing and the network manufacturing system.近净成形技术近净成形技术是指零件成形后，仅需少量加工或不再加工，就可用作机械构件的成形技术。它是建立在新材料、新能源、机电一体化、精密模具技术、计算机技术、自动化技术、数值分析和模拟技术等多学科高新技术成果基础上，改造了传统的毛坯成形技术，使之由粗糙成形变为优质、高效、高精度、轻量化、低成本的成形技术。它使得成形的机械构件具有精确的外形、高的尺寸精度、形位精度和好的表面粗糙度。该项技术包括近净形铸造成形、精确塑性成形、精确连接、精密热处理改性、表面改性、高精度模具等专业领域，并且是新工艺、新装备、新材料以及各项新技术成果的综合集成技术。从七十年代以来，各工业发达国家政府与工业界对近净成形技术投入了大量资金和人力，使这项技术得到很快发展，由于这项技术对市场竞争能力的突出贡献，被美国、日本政府和企业列为九十年代影响竞争能力的关键技术，其产值增长幅度也远高于制造业产值增长幅度。主要发展趋势有： 不断开发近净成形新技术工业发达国家一直致力于开发近净成形新技术，在本专题所涉及的各件领域都有很大进展，因而近净形成形所占比重和成形件精度以及成形零件的复杂程度都有很大提高。例如汽车缸体铸件已经做到壁厚在34mm，轿车齿轮已有很多可以采用冷挤压生产，齿形不再加工。轿车等速万向节零件是很复杂的零件，已经可以采用精确的塑性成形技术来生产。轿车连杆不仅尺寸精度高，重量偏差也小，轿车连杆重量精度已经可以控制在34%以下，这些技术都推动了轿车自重降低和性能提高，随着成形精度提高已经开发了一大批近净成形工艺技术。新材料的发展推动了新的成形技术研究开发，高密度能源（激光、等离子束、电子束等）的发展和用于近净成形，也推出了一批新的近净成形工艺。所有这些都使这项技术形成了五彩纷呈、竞相发展的局面。在我国近净成形技术在整个成形制造生产中所占比重还比较低，成形件精度总体水平平均要比发达国家低12个等级，一些新技术只有少数企业采用，不少复杂难成形件我国还不能生产，部分先进成形设备、机械手机器人，很大一部分高水平自动化生产线国内还不能成套提供，因此总体水平要比国外落后1525年。 应用工艺模拟技术，优化净成形工艺参数传统的成形技术是建立在经验和实验数据基础上的技术，制定一个新的零件成形工艺在生产时往往还要进行大量修改调试。计算机和计算技术发展，特别是非线性问题的计算技术发展，使成形过程的模拟分析和优化成为可能，国外通过大量工作已经形成铸造、锻造、复盖件冲压、模具CAD/CAM等多项商业软件，有力推动了近净成形技术发展，我国在模拟分析研究方面已经做了不少工作，但力量分散，每个单位的投入都不足，单项研究多，成为商品软件的很少，现在国外成形软件相继进入国内市场，也暴露出成本高、不适合国情等问题。如何组织国内力量。从国情出发，把优势单位组织起来，开展工艺模拟和优化工作，开发先进适用软件，是当前应当解决的问题。 不断开发适于近净成形生产用