第八章 英语翻译中的词类转换(课堂讲练).doc

第八章 法律英语词汇翻译方法（课堂讲练）本章教学目标：了解法律英语翻译中词类转换若干基本方法。一、 法律词汇英汉互译中的词类转换英汉词汇分类大致相当，但鉴于不同的表达习惯，在翻译时不能苛求词类相当，否则可能导致译文意义晦涩，不知所云。例1、1）、Preference shareholders are entitled to a priority in the assets if the company is wound up.译文：如果公司被解散，优先股东有优先分得公司资产的权利。说明：“Preference Shareholders”，意为“shareholders having priority over OrdinaryShareholders for the dividend (the part of the money which is divided among shareholders) and assets allocation.” 本句中的介词“in”如直译为“在里”，显然拗口，这里就存在着词类转换，即把英语的介词转换为动词。2）、The “Events of Default”, as used in this Contract, shall mean the occurrence, from time to time, of any of the following circumstances. 译文：合同中使用的“违约事项”是指发生以下情形说明：本句的“occurrence”本为名词，但在译成汉语时，转换成动词较译成“发生”更通达。所以，为使翻译的译文更加通顺，符合其本身的表达习惯，必要时，就应进行词类转换，在英汉互译过程当中，最常见的就是名词与动词的转换，具体而言，在英译汉时，名词转译为动词最常见，这与汉语语句习惯叠加动词，以致同一句中谓语动词“群雄并立“，而英语句子中只有主要谓语动词”一枝独秀“，其余动词只能转为动名词的不同表达习惯紧密相关。例2、1）、The establishment of a joint venture in China is subject to examination and approval by the Ministry of Commerce of PRC.译文：在中国境内设立合营企业，必须经中华人民共和国商务部审批。2）、Until the publication or public announcement of a patent application, staff members of the Patent Office and persons involved shall have the duty to keep the contents of the patent application confidential.译文：在专利申请公布或公告之前，专利局的工作人员以及有关人员对其内容负有保密义务。3）、绝对不允许合同任何一方违反合同支付条款的行为。译文：No violation by either party hereto of any payment clause or clauses can be tolerated. 除名词动词相互转换外。英汉互译中，形容词与副词，动词与形容词，甚至介词与动词的转换都经常发生，下面分别举例说明。二、 法律英语翻译的词类转换1、 （动）名词转换为动词例3、1）、Whereas the Licensor possesses know-how for the designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of -译文：鉴于许可方拥有专有技术（的所有权），有权设计、生产、安装以及销售-。2）、All disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be settled by negotiation between two parties. 译文：凡因执行本合同或与本合同有关事项所发生的一切争执，应由双方通过友好的方式协商解决。 3）、The Buyer is requested to sign and return one copy of this Sales Confirmation without any delay after receipt of the same. Objection, if any, should be raised by the Buyer within 5 days after receipt of this Sales Confirmation, in the absence of which it is understood that the Buyer has accepted the terms and conditions of the Sales Confirmation. 译文：买方收到本售货确认书后毫不迟延的签回一份，若买方对本确认书有异议，应于收到后5天内提出，否则视买方已同意本确认书所规定的条款与条件。4）、在收到装运通知并满足所有本协议列明的条件后，甲方应依本协议的规定提供贷款。译文：Upon receipt of the Shipment Notice and fulfillment of all conditions set forth herein, Party A shall provide the loan pursuant to the provisions hereof. 小结：一般而言，英语中具有动作意义的名词（多以动名词形式体现），动词名词同形的名词，以及由动词加后缀转化而成的名词，翻译时转换为动词的频率较高。反之，汉译英时，动词可以转换为名词或动名词形式，以免同一句中动词叠加过多。2、 形容词转换为副词当英语中名词转译为动词后，修饰名词的形容词也就相应转换为副词，换言之，英语中“名词加形容词“结构，往往译成汉语的”动词加副词“的结构。 例4、1）、Either party shall provide the same care to prevent the other Partys Confidential Information from disclosure or unauthorized use thereof as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information. 译文：合同各方应如同保护自己的类似专有信息一样，谨慎行事，以防披露或擅自使用另一方的机密信息。 说明：“proprietary“，意为”专有的，独占的“（privately owned or controlled: proprietary technology.）” proprietor”, 指”所有人、业主、专利权人“（a owner of a business, an invention, etc. 2)、The China National Offshore Oil Corporation shall have exclusive and overall responsibility for the work of exploiting offshore petroleum resources in the PRC in cooperation with foreign enterprises.参考译文：中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源的业务，专门由中国海洋石油总公司全面负责。3）、甲方在此不可撤销地委托乙方，甲方签署货物交接单据后，立即将货物价款直接支付到供货商的帐户。参考译文：Party A hereby irrevocably authorizes Party B to make a direct payment for the Goods into the account of the supplier immediately after Party A signs the Delivery Note.小结：上述例句说明，英语名词译成汉语动词后，修饰该名词的形容词常译成副词。3、 形容词转换成名词例5、1）、The rights conferred upon the respective parties by the provisions of this Clause are additional to and do not prejudice any other rights the respective parties may have.译文：本条款的规定赋予各方权利，是对各方可能享有的其他权利的补充，而不是损害。 2）、The supplier shall ensure that it is the lawful owner of the technology to be proved and that the technology provided is complete, accurate, effective and capable of attaining the technical targets specified in the contract.译文：供方应保证自己是所提供的技术的合法拥有者，并且保证所提供的技术具有完整性、准确性、有效性，能够达到合同规定目标。 可见，一般来说，与名词同根的形容词在英译汉时，有时也译作名词。4、 介词转化为动词例6、1）、Preference shareholders are entitled to a priority in the assets if the company is wound up. 译文：如果公司被解散，优先股东有优先分得公司资产的权利。三、 汉译英时的词类转换1、 动词转化成名词例7、1）、卖方声明并保证，卖方将向买方交付完整、准确、有效的系统。该系统能够达到在产品说明与规格中规定的技术指标，并通过成功完成系统验收检测予以证明。译文：The Seller represents and warrants that it will deliver to The buyer a complete, correct and valid system, capable of accomplishing the technical targets specified in Product Description and Specification, and proved by successful completion of the Acceptance Test of the System.2)、招揽订单时，代理商应将卖方成交条件、合同的一般条款充分通知顾客，也应该告顾客，任何合同的订立都要由卖方确认。代理商应将其收到的订单立即转交给卖方，供卖方选择是否接受订单。译文：When soliciting orders, The Agent shall adequately advise customers of the general terms and conditions of the Sellers sales note or contractual note and that any contract is subject to the confirmation of acceptance by the Seller. Agent shall immediately dispatch any order received to the Seller for its acceptance or rejection.小结：可见，将汉语动词译成英语名词，经常使用具有动词意义的动名词，或者动词名词或由动词加后缀而形成的名词。2、 副词转换为形容词例8、1）、如合同一方实质性违反本合同或其项下的陈述与保证，-另一方可终止合同，并向违约方提出索赔。 译文：If either party commits any material breach of this Contract or its representations and warranties,-, the other party may terminate this contract and file a claim against the breaching party. 2)、甲方必须真实、完整地向律师叙述案情、提供证据。在接受委托后，如发现甲方捏造事实、弄虚作假，乙方有权终止代理，依本合同所收费用不予退还。译文：The statement made and proofs provided by Party A shall be true and complete. Where Party A is founded fabricating fact, Party B is free to terminate this Agreement and retain payment already collected from Party A according to this Agreement .3、 动词译为介词例9、1）、甲方该做法违反了其合同义务。译文：Conduct by Party A is against tits contractual obligations. 课后作业：1、 英译汉：1）、Party B undertakes that its exercise of its rights or performance of its obligations under this Contract will not violate any provisions of this Contract and concerning laws or regulations to which it is subject.参考译文：乙方保证其实现权利或履行义务的行为不违反本合同和有关法规的规定。2）、The confidentiality obligations imposed on all parties hereto shall terminate two (2) years after the expiration or termination of this Agreement.参考译文：合同各方依本协议应履行的保密义务，在本协议期满或终止2年后终止。3）、In case of the institution of any suit by a third party against the Buyer for patent infringement in respect of the Goods, the Buyer shal