状语从句 Word 文档.doc

专题：状语从句状语从句在句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号分开；放在主句之后，一般不用逗号。状语从句根据其句中表达的不同功能，可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句，共9种。一、时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连接词有when，as, while, after, before, since, ever since, till, until, once, whenever, as soon as, no soonerthan, hardlywhen, the moment/minute/second/instant, directly, immediately, instantly, every time, each time, next time, by the time等。1. when, while, as引导的时间状语从句1) when的用法when既可引导一个持续性动作，也可引导一个短暂性动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或主句动作先于从句动作。I was thin when I was a child. 当我是个孩子的时候我很瘦。The film had been on when we arrived. 当我们到达时，电影已经开演了。when引导时间状语从句时，如果主从句主语相同，从句有be动词，则从句可省略主语和be动词。When (you are) in trouble, you can visit this man. 当有麻烦时，可以找这个人。When (he was) a young man, he was fond of hunting. 他年轻时，喜欢打猎。when在be about to dowhen, be doingwhen, be on ones waywhen, be on the point of doingwhen,等结构中，当“这/那时”讲时，表示某件事正在发生或刚刚发生，另一动作同时发生。 I was about to go out when it began to rain. 我正要出去，这时天开始下雨了。The telephone was ringing when I got home. 当我到家时，电话铃正在响。2) while用法while引导的动作必须是持续的，强调某一时间段内，主从句动作同时发生，相当于during the time that。My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework. 当我在做作业时，妈妈在做饭。Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作时，请别高声谈话。while除了可以用作从属连词之外，还可用作并列连词，表示对比关系“而，然而”。I like watching TV while he likes reading. 我喜欢看电视而他喜欢读书。3) as的用法as引导时间状语从句时，强调并行发生，不指先后。As I left the house, I forgot the key. 我离开家时，忘记了钥匙。as还可以说明两种正发展或变化的情况，有“随着”的意思，表时间的推移。As I get older, I get more optimistic. 随着年龄的增长，我变得更乐观。as常用作“一边一边”。He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他匆忙回家，边走边往后看。John sings as he works. 约翰一边工作，一边唱歌。强调两个动作紧接着发生。As he was going out, it began to rain. 当他出去的时候，天开始下雨了。as有时引起一个名词，这时它相当于一个时间状语从句。As a boy (when he was a boy), he was hopeless at maths. 当他是孩子时，已对数学失去希望。2. before引导的时间状语从句1)before引导的时间状语从句，不用否定式的谓语。Before they got to the bus stop, the bus had gone.在他们到达公共汽车站之前，公共汽车已经走了。2)当before引导的从句位于主句之后时，译成“之后，才”，“在之前”，“还没来得及就”，“就，便（主句否定）”。如果主句中用一般将来时，before从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。It will be long before we meet again. 我们要过好久才能见面。Three weeks went by before she realised her mistakes. 三周过去了，她才意识到自己的错误。The war lasted four years before the north won in the end. 在北方取得最后胜利之前，战争持续了四年。He had hung up before I could answer the phone. 我还没有来得及接电话，他就挂断了。We hadnt waited long before the bus came. 我们等了不久公共汽车便来了。3. until和till引导的时间状语从句until和till都表示“直到”，常可换用，但till 不用于句首，也不可用于强调句。1)“延续性动词(肯定式)+until”表示动作延续到为止，译为“直到为止”。You may stay here until the rain stops. 你可在这里待到雨停。He waited until (it was) ten oclock. 他一直等到10点钟。I waited for him until he came back. 我一直等到他回来。2)“终止性动词/延续性动词的否定式+until”表示“直到才”。He didnt go to bed until he had finished his work. 他直到完成工作才睡觉。They didnt reach the village till it was dark. 他们直到天黑才到达那个村庄。He didnt come until he had gone over his lessons. 他一直到复习完了功课才回来。3)用于强调句式“It is not untilthat”。It was not until the professor came that we began the experiment.、在教授到来之后，我们才开始实验。4)not until放在句首时，主句要用倒装语序，如：Not until he graduated did he succeed in obtaining the compound.直到毕业他才成功获得这种化合物。4. since引导的时间状语从句since引导时间状语从句，意为“自从以来”，主句要用完成时态，但时间的计算方式略有不同。1)since后如果是终止性动词的过去式，则时间的起点应从该动作发生时算起。Mr Li has been here since he came back. 自从李先生回来之后，他一直在这儿。I have written home but once since I came here. 自从我到来这儿以来，只给家里写了一封信。2) since后如果是延续性性动词的过去式，则时间的起点应从该动作结束时算起。He hasnt been back at school since he was ill. 自从他病愈后一直没到学校来。I havent heard from him since he lived here. 自从他不住在这儿以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。3)有时时间的起点要从该动作发生时或状态开始时算起，主要根据句子的意思来考虑。Ive known Mr Smith since I was a boy. 我小的时候就认识史密斯先生了。4)在“It is +一段时间+since”句型中，时间一律以since从句的动作完成时算起。Its two years since we arrived here. 我们到这儿两年了。It was years since I had known her. 我认识她好几年了。It is three years since she was not in our class. 她离开我们班有三年了。5.表示“一就”的句型1)as soon as, once, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment/the minute/the second/the instant等引起的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作就随即发生，常译作“一就”，这类从句中，经常用一般时态代替将来时态。As soon as he arrives, Ill tell him. 他一到，我就告诉他。Once you study hard, youll pass the exam. 你一旦努力学习，就会通过考试。The moment he comes, Ill let you know. 他一来，我就告诉你。The instantt I saw him, I recognized him. 我一看到他，就认出了他。 Well leave the minute you are ready. 你一准备好，我们就出发。I left immediately the clock struck 5. 我刚走，钟就敲了五下。2)on /upon+doing /n.作时间状语，译为“一就”。On arriving at the station, the thief was arrested. 一到车站，这个小偷就被逮捕了。On his arrival at classroom, the teacher came. 他刚刚到教室，老师便进来了。Upon his arrival in Paris, he was recognized as a noble and thrown into prison.他一到巴黎，就被认为是一个贵族，并被投进监狱。3)no soonerthan, hardlywhen, scarcely when/before引导的时间状语从句表示“刚就”“一就”。在这些结构中，主句动作先发生，用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，主句常用倒装语序，把助动词had放在主语前面。I had no sooner reached the bus stop than the bus started. 我刚到车站车就开走了。I had scarcely/hardly entered the room when the phone rang. 我一进屋，电话就响了。注：当这些表示否定意义的词位于句首时，句子要倒装。No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain. 他刚到家，天就开始下雨了。Hardly/scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang. 我一进屋，电话就响了。6.时间状语从句的省略当时间状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同，从句又有be动词出现时，从句可省略主语和be动词。Once (it is) seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦看见，永远也不会被忘记。Dont speak until (you are) spoken to. 有人对你说话时你才说。二、地点状语从句1.地点状语从句由where, wherever引导。We must camp where we can get water. 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。I will follow you wherever you go. 无论你到何处我都要跟着你。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志之事竟成。You are free to go wherever you like. 你可以随意到任何你喜欢去的地方。Make a mark where you have any questions. 在有疑问的地方做个记号。Where I live, there is plenty of rain. 我住的地方，雨水多。2.地点状语从句与定语从句的区别Where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前，则无先行词。Go back where you came from. (where引导的状语从句)从何处来到何处去。Go back to the village where you came from. (where引导的定语从句)回到你来的那个村子里去。3.地点状语从句的省略Fill in the blanks with articles necessary. (necessary前省略 where it is)在需要的地方填上冠词。三、原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连词有because, since, as, for, now (that) (既然)，seeing that(鉴于)，considering that(考虑到，由于)。1. because引导的原因状语从句because用来回答why提问，表示的原因语气最强，一般用在主句后面，也可以用在主句的前面；强调的是原因状语从句时，可用在强调句中。-Why was he late? 他为什么迟到了？-Because he was ill. 因为他病了。I do it because I want to do it. 我做是因为我想做。Because he was too careless, he failed. 因为他太粗心，所以失败了。It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us.因为他有病，不能和我们一起去。注意：because和because of的区别because 是连词，引导原因状语从句；because of 是介词短语，后接名词性短语。The football match was put off because it rained. 因为下雨，足球赛延期了。The football match was put off because of the rain. 因为下雨，足球赛延期了。2.since, as, now that引导的原因状语从句1)since引导的从句的语气次于because引导的从句，常表示稍加分析后推断出来的原因，或指的是人们已知道的事实，比as正式，一般译成“既然，鉴于”，常置于句首。Since I must die , I must do it. 既然我一定要死，那我一定这样做。Since no one is against it, lets carry out the plan. 既然没有人反对，我们就执行这个计划吧。2)as语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明，一般放在句首。As he didnt know much English, he got out his dictionary and looked up the word“cough”.因为他对英语懂得不多，所以拿出字典查找“cough”这个词。As he wasnt ready in time, we went without him.由于他没有及时做好准备，我们没等他就走了。3)now that用来说明一种新情况，然后加以推论，位于句首时that可省略。Now (that) everybody is here, lets begin. 既然每个人都在，那我们开始吧。3. for引导的原因状语从句for也可以表示原因，属并列连词，不是说明主要原因，而是对某种情况加以推断，用于表示补充说明理由，不能位于句首。He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定是病了，因为他今天没来。The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了，因为已经是十二月了。4.原因状语从句的省略原因状语从句有时可以省略，用分词形式表示，但主句和从句的主语应该一致。As the little boy was blind, he couldnt see anything.=Being blind, the little boy couldnt see anything.那个小男孩瞎了，什么东西也看不见。四、目的状语从句1.引导目的状语从句的词或词组有：so that（为了，以便）, so(以便), in order that（为了）, in case（以防，假使）, for fear that（以防）, lest（以免）等，谓语常含may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词。Well sit nearer the front so we can hear better. 我们要坐得靠近一点，这样能听得更清楚些。He studied hard so that he might succeed. 他努力学习，以便成功。Betty got up early in order that she might catch the train. 贝蒂起得早，以便能赶上火车。Take your raincoat in case it rains. 带上你的雨衣，以防下雨。Be quiet in case you (should) wake the baby. 轻点儿，免得弄醒孩子。2.当从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可用so as to, in order to。He ran fast so that he might arrive there before ten oclock.He ran fast so as to arrive there before ten oclock.他快跑以便在十点之前到达那里。He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.He worked day and night in order to succeed.他日夜工作想要获得成功。3.in case引导的目的状语从句表示“以防，以免”，从句中的动词可用陈述语气或（should）+v。Take your raincoat in case it rains. 带上你的雨衣，以防下雨。He left early in case he (should) miss the train. 他离开的非常早，以免错过火车。4.lest引导的从句中须用“should+动词原形”，表虚拟语气。I shall write it down lest I should forget. 我要把它写下来，以免忘了。五、结果状语从句1.引导结果状语从句的词或词组有：so(因此), so that（因此）, sothat（如此以至于）, suchthat（如此以至于）。Mr Smith had overslept so he was late for work. 史密斯先生睡过了，因此上班迟到了。The bus broke down, so that we had to walk. 公共汽车抛锚了，因此我们必须步行。The stone is so heavy that nobody can move it. 这块石头非常重，没有人能搬动它。She is such a nice girl that we all like her. 她是一个如此好的女孩，我们都喜欢她。2.so that和such that的区别so为副词，修饰动词、副词或形容词，不能修饰名词；such是形容词，修饰名词。1)so + adj./adv. + that从句。The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.这个箱子太重，以至于我搬不动。He ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with him. 他跑得是如此的快以致于我赶不上他。2)so + adj. + a/an +名词单数+that从句。She is so beautiful a girl that we all like her. 她是一位如此美丽的女孩，以致于我们都喜欢她。3)so + adj.(many/few/much/little) + n.(复/不可数)+ that从句。There are so many people in the room that I cant get in. 房间里有如此多的人，以致于我进不去。There is so little water that you cant drink it. 没有水了，所以你不能喝了。4)such+n.+that从句He is such a man that we all like him. 他是这样的一个人，以致于我们都喜欢他。They are such students that all the teachers like them. 他们是这样的学生，以致于所有的老师都喜欢他们。He has made such progress that his parents was happy with him. 他取得如此的进步，以致于他的父母对他很满意。5)such + a/an + adj. +名词单数+that从句She is such a beautiful girl that we all like her. 她是一位如此美丽的女孩，以致于我们都喜欢她。6)such+adj.+n.(复/不可数)+that从句There are such lovely children that we all like them. 有如此可爱的孩子们，以致于我们大家都喜欢他们。There is such dirty water in the river that no one dares to swim in it. 河里面的水是如此的脏，以致于没人敢游泳。注意：little译作“小”时，用such。He is such a little boy that he cant go to school alone.他是如此小的孩子，以致于他不能独自去上学。六、条件状语从句1.引导条件状语的词或词组有：if(如果，假如)，unless(除非，如果不)，so long as(只要)，as long as(如果，万一)，if only(只要)，provided/providing(that)(假如)，suppose/supposing(that)(假如)等。If it is fine next Sunday, we shall have a spring outing. 如果下星期日天气好，我们就去春游。If I had enough money, I would buy the car.如果我有足够的钱，我就买汽车了。You will not pass the exam unless you study hard.除非你努力学习，否则你将不能通过考试。I will go there so long as he invites me.只要他邀请，我就去那里。Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.你带把伞，以防下雨。Provided/providing (that ) it rains tomorrow, we wont go there. 如果明天下雨，我们就不去那儿。2. 祈使句/名词短语+and/then+陈述句 （and, then表示顺承关系）祈使句/名词短语 +or/or else/otherwise+陈述句 （or等表示转折关系）这两种结构相当于if引导的条件状语从句。Use your head, and you will find a way. 动动脑筋，你就会想出办法来的。(=If you use your head, you will find a way.)One more step further, and I will beat you flat. 再往前走一步，我将把你揍扁。(=If you walk one more step further, I will beat you flat.)Hurry up, or you will be late. 快点，否则你会迟到的。(=If you dont hurry up, you will be late.)Ten minutes earlier, or you will miss the train. 早动身十分钟，否则你会错过火车的。(=If you dont start ten minutes earlier, you will miss the train.)3.if only也可以引导条件状语从句。If only it clears up , well go. 如果天放晴，我们就走。If only you had worked with greater care! 你要是更仔细一些该多好！4.“if + 否定句”相当于“notunless + 肯定句”。You cant enter the hall if you have no ticket.=You cant enter the hall unless you have a ticket. 你要有门票才能进大厅。Dont come if I dont call you.=Dont come unless I call you. 我叫你你才能进来。5.同时间状语从句一样，条件状语从句如果表示将来时间，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。I will go if you go. 如果你去，我也去。I wont wait for him unless he rings me tomorrow.除非他明天给我打电话，否则我不会等他。6.如果从句由if引导，又有连系动词be，条件状语从句可用省略形式。Come tomorrow if possible. 可能的话就明天来吧。If so , you must go back and get it. 如果这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。Ill buy a TV set if necessary. 如果有必要，我就买一台电视机。He has no money. If any, he will give us. 他没有钱，如果有，他会给我们的。类似：if necessary(如果有必要); if any(如果有); if in need(如果需要)。7.条件句中的虚拟与倒装if引导的条件状语从句如果与事实不符，应用虚拟语气。1)表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be的过去式用were),而主句中的谓语动词用“would(shoud,could,might)+动词原形”。 If I were you , I should study English. 如果我是你的话，我就努力学习英语。If he had time, he would attend the meeting. 如果他有时间的话，他会来参加会议的。2)表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用had+过去分词，主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词。If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the examination. 如果你采纳了我的建议，考试你就不会不及格的。3)表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式/were to/should+动词原形,而主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+动词原形。If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 如果你明天来，我们就举行会议。If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. 如果明天下雨，会议将被推迟。If you should go there tomorrow, you would see him. 如果你明天去那儿，你将见到他。4)省去if的虚拟条件从句：如果条件从句的谓语动词有were, had,或should,可以把if省去，而把were, had或should移到主语前面，以倒装形式表示虚拟条件从句。Were I you, I would do the same. 如果我是你，我也会这么做。Had you come yesterday, you would have met him. 如果你昨天来了，你会见到他的。Should you come tomorrow, you would see her. 如果你明天来的话，你就会见到他。七、方式状语从句1.引导方式状语从句的词或词组有：as(像一样，依照)；just asso(像那样，正如)；as if/as though(好像，似乎)。Do as you like. 你喜欢怎么做，就怎么做。He spoke as if he had been there before. 他说起话来，像是曾经到过那里似的。Just as water is to fish, so air is to man. 空气对于人，正如水对于鱼一样。The child talks as if he were a man. 那孩子说起话来像个大人似的。Ill do as I am told to. 叫我怎么做，我就怎么做。2.as if/though引导的从句与事实相反，用虚拟语气；与事实相符，用陈述语气。I remember it as if it were yesterday. 我记住这件事，仿佛是昨天发生的。The man walked as if he were drunk. 那人走起路来好像喝醉了酒。Our teacher treats us as though we were her children.我们的老师对待我们好像我们是她的孩子.3.方式状语从句也可省略。The girl stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone.那女孩站在门口好像在等某人。The woman teacher hurriedly left the classroom as though (she was) angry.这位女教师匆忙离开教室，好像生气了。Kate seemed as if (she was) good at dancing. 凯特看起来很会跳舞。八、让步状语从句让步状语从句有连词though, although, as,（虽然，尽管）even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter who(what, which, when, where, how),whether, while(尽管)等引导。1.though, although这两个连词用法基本一样，只是前者口语化，后者较正式，常位于句首，都不与but连用，但可以与yet, still连用。Although the TV set is very dear, I still bought it. 尽管这台电视非常贵，我仍然要买。Though/Although he was worn out, he kept on working. 尽管他已筋疲力尽，仍然继续工作。2.as引导让步状语从句，从句部分用倒装语序。句型为：形容词/副词/名词（不带冠词）/动词+ as+主语+谓语Young as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然小，但他懂得很多。Much as I love it, I will not buy it. 尽管我非常喜欢它，但我不想买下它。Child as he is, the boy knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，但他懂得很多。Try as I might, I couldnt lift the stone. 尽管我试了，我还是搬不动石头。注意：在这种倒装结构中，也可以用though，但不用although。Bravely though the players fought, they had no chance of winning.尽管运动员们都非常的英勇，他们依旧没有赢的机会。3.even if, even though这两个复合连词意义相同，常用以强调让步概念，会有退一步想的意思（有时用于虚拟语气）。Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气很糟，我们也要去旅游。Even if I were in your place, I wouldnt take the job.(虚拟语气)即使我在你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。4.whetheror可引导让步状语从句。Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你信不信，这都是真的。5.“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句“no matter+疑问词”相当于“疑问句+ever”引导的让步状语从句。常见的有：no matter whom=whomever no matter who=whoeverno matter what=whatever no matter which=whicheverno matter where=wherever no matter how=howeverno matter when=wheneverWhichever/No matter which book you borrow, you must return it in a week.你无论借哪本书，都必须在一周内归还。Whichever/No matter when you come back, dont wake me up.不管你什么时候回来，都不要吵醒我。He carries a book in his pocket, wherever/no matter where he goes.他不管去哪里，口袋里都带着一本书。He can go however/no matter how he likes.他爱怎么去就怎么去好了。No matter what happened, he shouldnt mind.无论发生什么事，他都不会在意。Its nice room no matter who/whoever it belongs to.不论这间房子属于谁，都非常好。“no matter+疑问词”与“wh-+ever”:6.让步状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时。No matter who he is, he will be punished. 不论他是谁，他都将受到惩罚。7.用了引导让步状语从句的从属连词后，不能同时用并列连词but，但可以用still，yet等副词来加强语气。Though he was tired, yet/still he went on working. 他虽然疲劳，但仍继续工作。8.让步状语从句的省略。Though (it was) cold, he still wore a shirt. 天气虽然很冷，他还穿一件衬衫。The man, while (he is) well over eighty, can walk faster than I.这人虽然年过八十，却比我走得快。Whether well or sick, she always keeps calm.她无论身体好还是生病，总是一声不响。No matter how difficult (it may be), we are determined to carry the research to the end.不管有多困难，我们决心把研究进行到底。九、比较状语从句比较状语从句常用的从属连词为asas(和一样)，not as/soas(和不一样),than(比)，the morethe more(越越)，而且这类从句通常以省略形式出现。She studies harder than I (study). 她学习比我认真。He looks younger than he is. 他看上去比实际年龄要年轻。The more you read, the more knowledge you can get. 你看的书越多，你的知识越丰富。He is as old as I. 他同我一样大。练习 A） 基础训练：常见易混状语从句（时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、比较等）对比辨析1. a) _ he heard this, he got very angry. b)I met Lucy _ I was walking along the river. c) _ a child, he lived in the country.A. When B. While C. As D. When/While/As2. a)We were about to leave _ it began to rain. b)She thought I was talking about her son, _ , in fact, I was talking about my son. c)Hardly had I finished my composition _ the bell rang.A. when B. while C. as D. during3. a)Child _ she is, she knows a lot. b)He did the experiment _ he was told.A. during B. as C. so D. though4. a)He would have a book at the bookstores _ he went to town. b)We decide to finish the work on time, _ happens. c)If we work with a strong will, we can overcome my difficulty, _ great it is. d)Ill give the book to _ likes English.A. whenever B. whoever C. whatever D. however5. a)It will be years _ we meet again. b)Its ten years _ I came to this town.c)Its ten years ago _ I came to this town.A. when B. that C. before D. since6. a) _ it rains, the game will be played on time. b) _ I