英汉句子比较与翻译.docx

英汉句子比较与翻译（1）英汉句子结构比较 英语重形合（hypotaxis)，汉语重意合（parataxis) 形合主要靠语言本身语法手段（形式手段），意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系 奈达 译意Translating meaning:就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比 (contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis) 英语注重显性衔接（overt cohesion），汉语注重隐性连贯（covert coherence) 傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。 汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。l 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。A. Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.B. The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 英语句子中，名词与介词占优势主谓机制：抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子的灵魂。名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通l Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. （7个介词）l 卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。l Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.l 农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的境地。英汉句子重心的差异l We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by sidenot just in a passive way but as active friends.l 我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而是要积极地友好相处，这是正确而必要的。汉语的习惯是叙事在前，表态在后。英语的习惯是表态在前，叙事在后。l The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。l I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency.l 贵国政府一再表示，协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之计，这种保证使我感到鼓舞。英语：end-weight头轻脚重，属于主语显著（subject-prominent）语言It is.to; there英语重视主语的位置及其统帅全局的作用。因此在汉译英中，如何找准句子重心，确定主语常常是翻译成败的关键因素。汉语：头重脚轻，属于主题显著（topic-prominent）语言 语言学家赵元任：在汉语中，主语与谓语之间的语法关系与其说是施事和动作的关系，不如说是话题和说明的关系，施事和动作可以看作是话题和说明的一个特例。l I worked very hard on this book.这本书我花了很多心血。l He isnt interested in things like watching TV, listening to songs, or dancing.看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。英汉语言语态上的差异 英语：广泛使用被动语态 汉语：较少使用被动语态u 英语被动语态使用的情况：1 不知道或是没有必要说明行为的实行者l The audience are requested to keep silent.请观众保持肃静。l She was offered a job in a middle school.人家给她一个中学里的位置。2 动作的对象是谈话的中心话题l Clinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape.克林顿将会以录像的形式提供证词。l The scientific research plan has already been drawn up.科研计划已经拟出来了。l The girl was criticized yesterday.这个女孩昨天挨了一顿批评。3 无从说出动作的实行者是谁l She was seen to go out of the room.有人看见她走出了那个房间。l Youre wanted on the phone.你的电话。l This rubbish is being disposed of.（有人）正在处理这些垃圾。4 为了加强上下文的连贯、衔接l John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。l He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他出现在台上，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。l Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.人的思想形成语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。5 出于礼貌，使措辞得当，语气委婉l Visitors are requested to show their tickets.来宾请出示入场券。l Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here.请旅客在此填写报关表。u 汉语的被动态1 有形式标记的被动态2 无形式标记的被动态 1 表被动意义的助词 让,叫,给,被,受,挨,遭,由,加以,予以,为所,被所,是.的l 工作已由他完成了。The work has been done by him.l 杯子给打得粉碎。The cup has been broken into pieces.l 这个问题必须予以处理。This matter must be dealt with.2 无被动助词 看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。l 那里讲什么语言？What language is spoken there?l 这个任务必须按时完成。This task must be fulfilled in time.u 汉语无主句 用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等l 应该教育儿童讲老实话。Children should be taught to speak the truth.l 发现了错误，一定要改正。Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.Passive voice in translationA. Converting the passive voice into the activeB. Converting passive voice into a subjectless sentenceC. Keeping the passive structure unchangedD. Replacing the passive voice with other means Converting the passive voice into the activel The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.l By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.l A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. l To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again.l Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals.l Converting the passive voice into the activel The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. 他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除。l By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization. 大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。l A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。l To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. 为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。l Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。 Converting passive voice into a subjectless sentencel The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.l Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.l Best surface finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding. Converting passive voice into a subjectless sentencel The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。l Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已经注意到采取防腐新措施。l Best surface finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding.用机械加工的方法，特别是磨削法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度。 Keeping the passive structure unchanged l If the scheme is disapproved, work on the project will stop immediately.l At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.l Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.l Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.l Everyone was fed up with her gossip.l Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency. Keeping the passive structure unchanged l If the scheme is disapproved, work on the project will stop immediately.如果方案被否决，这项工程将立即停工。l At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.月底，他因不胜任工作而被解雇了。l Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。 Keeping the passive structure unchangedl Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。l Everyone was fed up with her gossip.人人都受够了她的流言蜚语。l Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency.这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。 Replacing the passive voice with other means l The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.l The news was passed on by word of mouth.l He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.l She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.l He has been wedded to translation.l She did not wish to be troubled. Replacing the passive voice with other means l The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.这个村子里住着大约13，000个农民。l The news was passed on by word of mouth.众口相传，消息不胫而走。l He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.他已得知他们中有两个人好像不能及格。l She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.她和丈夫应邀赴宴去了。l He has been wedded to translation.他与翻译结下了不解之缘。l She did not wish to be troubled.她不愿别人麻烦她。 Passive voice in translationmore practicel She hadnt been told Bettes family name, or shed forgotten it.l Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.l Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.l He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country. Passive voice in translationmore practicel She hadnt been told Bettes family name, or shed forgotten it.人家没告诉过她蓓蒂姓什么,要不然也许是她忘了。l Many voices have