英汉语篇衔接手段对比与翻译1.doc

英汉语篇衔接手段对比与翻译专业：英语语言文学摘要翻译是一个语篇再生的过程。近几年，越来越多的学者认为语篇是理想的翻译单位，衔接作为语篇的重要组成部分，在翻译中起着十分重要的作用。一个成功的译者，要想忠实、通顺地表达出源语语篇的思想内容，就应当巧妙运用符合各自语言特点的衔接手段来组织译语语篇，再现原文的意境和风貌。在翻译实践中，由于不同语言在使用衔接手段生成语篇时各有特点，因而衔接手段的对比研究对翻译实践具有重要的指导意义。韩礼德和哈桑的衔接理论认为，语篇的衔接主要包括两大类，即语法衔接和词汇衔接。前者又可分为照应、替代、省略和接连。本文试以韩礼德和哈桑的衔接模式为理论基础，对英汉两种语言主要衔接手段进行对比分析，通过统计和实例分析探索衔接手段在文学作品中的翻译策略，以及语境对衔接手段翻译的影响。本文主要采用文献法、对比分析、实例分析及统计数据分析的方法。本文共分六章。第一章简要介绍了衔接理论的研究现状，以及本文的写作目的。其内容主要是通过对英汉语篇五种衔接手段的对比，来探讨衔接手段的翻译策略。第二章简要介绍衔接的概念，并通过实例对韩礼德和哈桑的衔接模式进行论述和评析。第三章以韩礼德和哈桑的衔接模式为理论基础，对英汉语篇的主要衔接手段进行对比分析。指出英汉语篇衔接手段在分类和功能上具有很大的相似性，但由于英汉语在语言形式以及文化等方面存在差异，二者在运用衔接手段组织语篇时也表现出相应的差别。英汉语篇衔接手段的最大差异主要表现于使用频率和使用爱好的不同。总的来说，英语语篇具有综合、聚集和形合的特点，因而倾向于使用大量的衔接项目，尤其在使用照应、替代、省略等方面表现的尤为突出。相比之下，汉语语篇则具有分析、流散和意合的特点， 因而较少使用衔接项目，经常运用重复手段在语篇中发挥衔接作用。第四章通过对老舍的骆驼祥子和JAusten的Pride and Prejudice两部作品中衔接手段的翻译实例进行分析，试图归纳出衔接手段翻译的一般策略。由于英汉语篇衔接手段在某些方面存在一定的相似性，因此在目的语语篇的构建中保留某些类似的衔接手段是不可或缺的。但在很多情况下，译者必须根据具体语境灵活使用衔接手段，或增或删或作出一定补偿，方能使译文连贯流畅。第五章对影响衔接的因素进行探讨，尤其是语境对衔接手段翻译的影向本章作了较为详细的论述。作者认为语境在衔接手段的翻译中起着非常重要的作聊城大学硕士学位论文用，它的存在不仅有助于充分理解衔接项目的作用，在某些情况下还限制着对衔接手段翻译策略的选择。语境，特别是文化语境，对翻译具有文化色彩的词汇衔接手段有着明显的制约作用。第六章结论部分指出：英汉语篇衔接手段既有共性，也有差异。在翻译实践中，译者必须根据两种语言衔接手段的各自特点，结合具体语境，灵活处理，方能实现语篇的连贯和衔接，忠实地再现原文的神情风貌。关键词：衔接手段，对比分析，翻译策略，语境影响聊城大学硕士学位论文AbstractTranslation is aprocess of re-textualizationMore and more scholars in recent yearsregard text as the ideal unit of translation，while cohesion，as one of the most importantfeatures of text，plays a very important role in translationA successful translator shouldnot only express what the source text means，but also employ cohesive devices in thetarget language to form textsOnly by doing so can he achieve a coherent and acceptabletext,and manage to reproduce the images and charm of the source textIn translation practice，the contrastive study on cohesive devices is of greatsignificance，for different languages are unique in producing texts with cohesive devicesAccording to Halliday and Hasan，cohesion falls into two main types，namely,grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesionGrammatical cohesion can be further dividedinto reference，substitution，ellipsis and conjunctionCohesion is one of the mostimportant features of the text,and also an important way to achieve coherenceTherefore，this thesis tries to explore the strategies in manipulating cohesive devices andthe effect of context through a contrastive analysis on cohesive devices between Englishand Chinese in the way of statistics and examples，based onHalliday and Hasanscohesion modelThis thesis mainly adopts the methods of documentation，contrastive analysis，caseanalysis and statistical analysisThis thesis falls into six chaptersChapter One begins with a brief introduction to theresearch backgrouud and the purpose of this thesisThe main contents of this thesis areto probe into the strategies for manipulating the main cohesive devices on the basis of acontrastive study between EnIglIish and Chinese cohesive devicesChapter Two gives abrief introduction to cohesion and the theoretical foundation of this thesis，Halliday andHasans cohesion model，which includes five main cohesive devices：reference，substitution，ellipsis，conjunction，and lexical cohesionChapter Three focuses on thecontrastive study of the five main cohesive devices between English and Chinese on thebasis of Halliday and Hasans cohesion modelAccording to this study,there are great聊城大学硕士学位论文similarities in classifications and functions between English and Chinese cohesive devicesHoweveB due to the differences in linguistic forms and culture，English and Chineseshow great differences in text forming by employing cohesive devicesThe biggestdistinction lies in the frequencies and preferences in using themIn general，English textsare characteristic of synthetic，compact and hypotactic，and thus are apt to using a largenumber of cohesive devices，especially in reference，substitution，ellipsis and conjunctivesIn contrast，Chinese texts are analytic，diffusive and paratactic，so less cohesive devicesare usedIn addition，Chinese often uses repetition to form texts，which is quite obviousin translationChapter Four tries to infer some strategies ou the manipulation ofcohesive devices，based on the analysis of examples from two novels and theirtranslationsThese two novels are骆鸵祥子by Lao She and JAustens Pride andPrejudiceAccording to Chapter Four,in translation practice，it is indispensable to retainthe orJiginal cohesion relationships by keeping the original cohesive devices in target textsowing to the similarities between Chinese and English textsYet，on many occasions，it isnecessary to make some adjustmentsA translator has to manipulate cohesive devices bymeans of addition，omission or compensation flexibly in the target textsChapter Fivetries to detect factors affecting cohesion，especially the effect of context on themanipulation of cohesive devicesIn this chapter the author states that context plays aunique role in the manipulation of cohesive devicesIt not only helps us interpret thefunctions of cohesive items，but also restricts us in the choices of strategies in some casesContext，especially cultural context，plays aunique role in translating the culture-specificlexical itemsIn the last chapter,a conclusion is drawnwhich summarizes that there areboth similarities and differences between Chinese and Engllish cohesive devicesThemanipulation of cohesive devices must be done on the basis of similarities and differencesbetween the two languages，and context must be taken into full consideration in themeanwhileOnly by doing so will we get a coherent and acceptable translation，andmanage to retain the images and charm of the source text聊城大学硕士学位论文Key words：cohesive devices；contrastive analysis；translation strategies；effect of context聊城大学硕士学位论文Chapter One Introduction11 Research BackgroundIn 1950s，particularly after 1960s，text linguistics and discourse analysis vigorouslysprang up，which makes linguistic analysis go beyond sentence grammarThis expandsthe scope of linguistic study and put the relations of sentences within the text on aprominent positionTherefore，the study on cohesion has drawn much of the linguistsattention，and many of them perceive cohesion as one of the most important aspects fortranslation studyPeter Newmark(1987：295)and Neubert(1992：10)both attachimportance to text and regard cohesion as one of the most important constituentsapplicable to translation，and they think that text has to be considered as the primaryobject of translation studyUnder such background，textual translation has become auimportant research areaI11 Researches on Cohesion AbroadThe first to put the concept of cohesion is Hasan in her doctorate dissertationIn1976，MAI【Halliday and Hasan jointly published Cohesion胁English in which theyclassify cohesion into two main types：grammatical and lexicalThey highlight thatreference，substitution，ellipsis，conjunction and lexical cohesion are the main categoriesof English cohesive devicesThis book has aroused many linguistsaffection on theresearch of cohesionMany of them write articles or publish books to express their ownopinions&Huddleston(1978：333-345)gets different views on the category of anaphora；Widddowson(1978：413)also discusses the direct relation between grammatical cohesionand teachingIn 1981，based on Halliday and Hasans study of cohesion，Robert deBeaugrande and wDressier(1981：3)made further study Oil text and analyzed sevenstandards of textuality,which made a deep research on the large scope of cohesionIn1991，Micheal Hoey published Patterns ofLexis in Text，in which he puts forward his ownpatterns of lexis in text by analyzing the role of repetition in the creation of text andlanguage teachingAll these researches have made great contributions to the perfectionand maturity of cohesion theory聊城大学硕士学位论文The maturity of cohesion theory provides great variety for the research on textualtranslationMany linguists mention the problem of cohesion in translationEarly in 1987，Newmark remarked：“The topic of cohesionhas always appeared to me the most usefulconstituent of discourse or text linguistics applicable to translation”And in 1988，he(1988：22-29)further stressed the significance of applying cohesion in translationHeinsisted that we should translate with four levels in mind：textual，referential，cohesiveand naturaland emphasized that our base level when we translate is“the textEANida puts forward“dynamic equivalence”and insistsA translator should have aprofound understanding of all the factors that enter into the meaning of the sou，rcelanguage text to improve the dynamic equivalent translation”In 1991，Mona Bakerpublished her famous book：n Other Words：A Coursebook on Translation，in which sheexplored how to achieve textual equivalence from three aspects：thematic structure，cohesion and pragmatic equivalence respectivelyIn addition，cohesion in translation isalso hotly discussed in various articles，which throw new light on cohesion theory and itsapplication to translationI12 Researches on Cohesion at HomeCompared with those abroad，researches at home seems to start a little later and tobe less specific and systematicWhatS more，many of them are just introductions ofresearch abroadNevertheless，great contributions are still made to the development ofcohesion theory and translationSince 1980s，a lot of Chinese linguists have published many articles on textualcohesionThe study of English cohesion gave impetus to the research into Chinesecohesion in text analysis，and books on cohesion also emergedHuang Guowen is among the first to introduce text theory to Chinese scholarsInEssentials of Text Analysis(1988)，he introduced text and text analysis allroundly andsystematicallyIn the field of cohesion study,Hu zhuanglin occupies an importantpositionIn语篇的衔接与连贯(Discourse Cohesion and Coherence)published in 1994，he explores the types of cohesion，and classifies transitivity as a cohesive device which isone of his greatest contributions to the cohesion theoryIn addition，many other scholarshave done fruitful researches on cohesion，among whom Zhu Yongshcng and Zhang Delu2聊城大学硕士学位论文are most prominent onesThe former(1995；1996；1997)analyzes the internal conditionsof cohesion，whereas the latter(1992；1993；1994)studies the conditions for coherenceHe also studies the relation between cohesion and coherence and puts forward a series ofhis own opinions，such as 1)the concept of cross-category cohesion；2)the concept ofexophoric cohesion；3)the concept of covert cohesion；and 4)the concept ofpoly-semantic cohesionAll these researches not only give a push to the development andmaturity of cohesion theory,but also provide a helpful guidance to translation studyWithin the past decades，a great deal of researches have been made on contrastivestudy of cohesion and translationArticles and books sprang up like mushrooms，eg英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究A Contrastive Study o，Cohesion in English and Chinese)by Zhu Yongsheng etc(2001)；语篇翻译引论by Li Ynnxing(2001)；etcThese articlesand books do show that people have come to realize the proper way of transferringcohesive devices，especially in literary translation，are very importantIt is true that the scholars have probed into the issue of comparing cohesive patternsin two languages and this proves to be fruitful and valuableHowever,there are stillsome areas to be studied-the detailed analysis of the functions of cohesion and specificdiscussion of cohesive devices in translationI2 The Purpose of This ThesisTranslation is a textual process，in which the translator decides on translationstratt!gles on the basis of the analysis of the SL text，and then transfers it into TL text，which is to be judged by TL readers，whose response will，in turn，affects the translatorsThis can be demonstrated with the following diagramWe can find different principles to guide translators in translation activities，forexample，Yan FuS three principles：faithfulness，expressiveness，and elegance；EANidaS dynamic equivalence，etcYet as to most of the TL readers，they pay moreattention to the acceptability or the readability of the translations rather than anythingelseIn other words，it is appealing to them whether the translations are in idiomatic TLor not,since for a large number of the TL readers，they have little or even no idea of SLculture，and moreover,in many cases they even have no idea of the source text。Text is the final goal of translation strategies，and is also the ultimate criterion of thequality of translationAs one of the main features of text，cohesion plays animportantrole in achieving coherence and the acceptability of a textHowever，each language hasits own patterns to convey the interrelationships of persons and events；in nO languagemay these patterns be ignored，if the translation is to be understood by its readersIt isalso the case for cohesion，since different languages have different characteristics in usingcohesive devices to form textsIn order to provide TL receptors with a faithful andexpressive version，a translator should break the cohesive structure of the SL text andchange it into a new one natural and acceptable to TLreceptorsTherefore，it seems to beof great significance for the research on cohesive devices in both translation theory andpracticeThe purpose of this thesis isjust to expound the transference of cohesive devicesin translation through a contrastive analysis on English and Chinese cohesive devicesbased on Halliday and HasanS Cohesion modelIn addition，this thesis is also to makesome probes into the factors affecting the translation of cohesive devices，especially onthe efTbct of context4聊城大学硕士学位论文Chapter Two The Concept of CohesionII1 1陀xtAs cohesion is one of the most important features of text，wed better make clearwhat“text”is firstScholars in different periods have various opinions about what a textis，and many of them have put forward some descriptive definitions，among which thetwo ones given by Brown&Yule and Halliday&Hasan are representativeIn Discourse Anas括(1983：5)，Brown&Yule point out，“We shall use text as atechnical term，to refer to the verbal record of a communicative act”，and they useanother word“discourse”to refer to spoken languageFor them“The analysis ofdiscourse isnecessarily,the analysis of language in use。Discourse is related to thepurpose or function that language is used for,while text is just a linguistic formindependent of that purpose or functionYet according to HallidayHasan(1976：1)“The word TEXT is used in linguistics to refer to any passage，spoken or written，ofwhatever lengththat does form a unified whole。Halliday&Hasan take the view thatthe primary determinant of whether a set of sentences do or do not constitute a textdepends on cohesive relationships within and between the sentences，which create texture：A text has texture and this is what distinguishes it from that is not a textThe textureis provided by the cohesive relations”(1976：2)A text is a unit of language in useRatherthan a grammatical unit，it is a semantic one：a unit not of form but of meaning，and it isnot defined by its sizeA text may be spoken orwritten，prose or verse，dialogue ormonologueIt may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play,from a momentarycry for help to an allday discussion on acommitteeMost Chinese scholars follow HallidayHasanS opinion about text withoutdistinguishing text much from discourse。and translate them both into“语篇”in generalOf coursesome scholars have different opinions and they use“篇章”to refer to“text”and“话语”to“discourse”Huang Guowen(1988：7)thinks，“语篇通常指一系列连续的seeDiscourseAnalysisfl983：5)byBrownYule：see DiscourseAnatysis(1983：5)by BrownYulesee Cohesion in English(1976：11 by Halliday and Hasan5聊城大学硕士学位论文话段或句子构成的语言整体”and it can be of any style and lengthHu Zhuanglin(1994：1)gives a more comprehensive definition and is more inclined to use“语篇”in itsbroad sense，which includes both“话语”(discourse)and“篇章”(text)In his opinion，“语篇”can also be of any style and any lengthIt seems that most scholars have agreed that a text can be of any style and anylengthHalliday&HasanS account is by far the most comprehensive treatment of thisSBbject and has become the standard text in this area(BrownYule，1983：190)In thisthesis1 will also follow their opinion and use the word“text”in its broad sense to referto both written and spoken languagesExamples quoted in this thesis are mainlysentences and paragraphs both written and spoken2 Cohesionde Beaugrande and Dressier think that at least three perspectives seem to be vitallyrelevant to a text：(a)the text itself as process and the text as product；(b)theparticipants，usually the producer(s)and the receiver(s)of the text；and(c)the broadercontext of situation wherein the text and the participlants are situatedIn the light ofthese three perspectives，they recognize seven standards of textuality：cohesion，coherence，intentionality,acceptability,informativity,situationality,and intertextualityAs is the case with the definition of text,scholars have different insights into cohesionand have put forward various descriptive definitions as to what COHESION isdeBeaugrand and Dressier(1981：3)hold that“Cohesionconcerns the ways in which thecomponents of the surface text,iethe actual words we hear or see，are mutuallyconnected within a sequenceThe surface components depend upon each other accordingto grammatical fbrms and conventionAll of the functions which can be used to signalrelations