高级口译翻译部分讲评.doc

2002年3月考题 The line of demarcation between the adult and the child world is drawn in many ways. For instance, many American parents may be totally divorced from the church, or entertain grave doubts about the existence of God, but they send their children to Sunday school and help them to pray. American parents struggle in a competitive world where sheer cunning and falsehood are often rewarded and respected, but they feed their children with nursery tales in which the morally good is pitted against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished. When American parents are in serious domestic trouble, they maintain a front of sweetness and light before their children. Even if American parents suffer a major business or personal catastrophe, they feel obliged to turn to their children and say,“ Honey, everything is going to be all right.” This American desire to keep the childrens world separate from that of the adult is exemplified also by the practice of delaying transmission of the news to children when their parents have been killed in an accident. Thus, in summary, American parents face a world of reality while many of their children live in a near-ideal unreal realm where the rules of the parental world do not apply, are watered down, or are even reversed.分析： The line of demarcation between the adult and the child world is drawn in many ways.译文：成人与儿童世界的划分是多方面的。 / 划分成人与儿童世界有很多方式。考点： 转态译法：主被交换 For instance, many American parents may be totally divorced from the church, or entertain grave doubts about the existence of God, but they send their children to Sunday school and help them to pray.译文：例如 / 比方说，许多美国家长可能跟教会毫无瓜葛 / 不信教，对上帝是否存在也不置可否 / 深表怀疑，然而他们却把孩子们送去主日学校（灌输宗教思想），并帮助他们祷告。考点： 正反译法： be totally divorced from 脱离（正译）与毫无瓜葛entertain grave doubt about 深表怀疑（正译）对不置可否（反译）divorce: separate sth from sth in a wrong way. 使脱离may 可能抽象译法： church 教会转态译法：省略被动词： be totally divorced from 脱离entertain: hold sth in the mind or feelings 持有；抱着；怀有eg. entertain ideas, doubts, etc. 持有想法；感到怀疑名词词组译为分句： the existence of God 上帝是否存在Sunday school 主日学校：通常与教堂或犹太教堂有紧密联系的学校，在星期日对儿童进行宗教教育。 American parents struggle in a competitive world where sheer cunning and falsehood are often rewarded and respected, but they feed their children with nursery tales （in which the morally good is pitted against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished）.译文：美国家长在一个尔虞我诈备受推崇的竞争世界中努力打拼，却用童话故事敷衍 / 搪塞孩子们，故事 / 从中讲述正义与邪恶作斗争，最终总是善有善报、恶有恶报 / 正义取得胜利而邪恶受到惩罚。考点： 具体译法：成语法： sheer cunning and falsehood 尔虞我诈转态译法：省略被动词： are often rewarded and respected 备受推崇is pitted 作斗争the bad inevitably punished 邪恶受到惩罚定语从句的翻译：省略法/重复法转性译法：形容词名词 the good 正义 the bad 邪恶形容词 动词 the good inevitably is successful 善有善报；正义取得胜利合词译法： rewarded and respected 备受推崇nursery tale: fairy tale 童话故事 When American parents are in serious domestic trouble, they maintain a front of sweetness and light before their children.译文：如果美国夫妻闹矛盾 / 在美国，夫妻失和时，他们在孩子面前却是一副其乐融融的样子。考点： front: out-ward appearance or show, esp. of the specified type 外表；样子；模样put on/show/present a bold front 装出大胆的样子eg. Her rudeness is just a front for her shyness. 她的粗暴只不过是掩盖她的怯懦而已。 a front for sth : something that serves to hide an illegal or a secret activity 幌子eg. The jewelery firm is just a front for their illegal trade in diamonds. 珠宝商店正是他们进行钻石非法交易的庇护所。 （常与形容词或名词连用）领域；界 on the domestic, financial, education, etc. front 在家庭（财政、教育）领域合词译法： sweetness and light 其乐融融；和蔼可亲转性译法：名词形容词 sweetness and light 其乐融融；和蔼可亲 Even if American parents suffer a major business or personal catastrophe, they feel obliged to turn to their children and say,“ Honey, everything is going to be all right.”译文：即便美国家长在生意场或日常生活中遭受沉重打击 / 一败涂地，他们也会义无反顾地对孩子们说：“亲爱的 / 宝贝，一切将会好起来的。”考点： catastrophe: a complete failure; a fiasco: 大败；彻底的失败；惨败（同）： disaster, calamity, cataclysm, blow, reverse, misfortune, affliction, adversity, tragedy, mishap, fiasco, flop （反）： triumph This American desire to keep the childrens world separate from that of the adult is exemplified also by the practice of delaying transmission of the news to children when their parents have been killed in an accident.译文一：如果父母在事故中丧生，人们总是晚些时候才告诉孩子们，这一点也证实了美国人想把儿童的世界和成人的世界隔离开的愿望。译文二：美国人想把儿童和成人的世界划清界限，这一愿望还反映在以下事实：如果父母在事故中丧生，人们总是设法晚点将消息告诉他们的子女。考点： 换序译法：宾语先行，主语置后。转性译法：形容词动词 separate 隔离；划清界线名词副词 practice 总是转态译法：主被交换： is exemplified also by 这一点也证实了省略被动词： have been killed 丧生exemplify （同）： illustrate, show, instance, demonstrate, exhibit, manifest, represent, embody Thus, in summary, American parents face a world of reality while many of their children live in a near-ideal unreal realm where the rules of the parental world do not apply, are watered down, or are even reversed.译文：总而言之，美国父母们面对着现实的世界，而他们的子女却活在近乎完美 / 理想化的虚幻世界，在这个世界中，父母生活的世界中的规则统统不适用，而且规则的执行是要打折扣的 / 而且不可能完全执行，甚至两者背道而驰。考点： 正反译法： unreal 不真实（正译）虚幻（反译）watered down 打折扣（正译）不可能完全执行（反译）water down: to reduce the strength or effectiveness of:削弱：削减了的力量或效力：转性译法：名词形容词 reality 现实的转态译法：省略被动词： are watered down 是要打折扣的are even reversed 甚至两者背道而驰TRANSLATION TEST (1) (30 minutes) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. After nearly a year of emotional arguments in Congress but no new federal laws, the national debate over the future of human cloning has shifted to the states. Six states have already banned cloning in one form or another, and this year alone 38 anti-cloning measures were introduced in 22 states. The resulting patchwork of laws, people on all sides of the issue say, complicates a nationwide picture already clouded by scientific and ethnical questions over whether and how to restrict cloning or to ban it altogether. Since 1997, when scientists announced the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, the specter of cloned babies, infants that are in essence genetic carbon copies of adults, has loomed large in the public psyche and in the minds of lawmakers. Today, there is widespread argument that cloning for reproduction is unsafe and should be banned. Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and tissues, which might be used to treat diseases. The controversy pits religious conservatives and abortion opponents, who regard embryos as nascent human life, against patients groups, scientists and the biotechnology industry. 分析： After nearly a year of emotional arguments in Congress but no new federal laws, the national debate over the future of human cloning has shifted to the states. 译文：经历了将近一年轰轰烈烈的 / 激烈的国会讨论 / 国会经历了将近一年轰轰烈烈的讨论，在没有新的联邦法律出台后，这场关于人类克隆命运的全国性大讨论 / 全民大讨论开始渗透 / 转移到各州。 考点： emotional: causing emotions 引发强烈感情的 eg. an emotional response 情绪激动的 反应 emotional music 抒情的音乐 emotional language 动情的语言 having emotions that are easily excited 易激动的 eg. an emotional man 多情善感的男子 an emotional actor 真情实感的演员 增词译法： but no new federal laws 没有新的联邦法律出台 Six states have already banned cloning in one form or another, and this year alone 38 anti-cloning measures were introduced in 22 states. 译文：六个州已经禁止了任何形式的克隆，仅今年一年， 22 个州就通过了 38 条禁止克隆的方案 / 措施 / 克隆禁令 。 考点： ban （同）： prohibit, proscribe, interdict , outlaw, disallow, exclude, bar, block, shut out allow （同）： sanction, warrant, license, consent, empower, countenance 转性译法：形容词名词 anti -cloning 克隆禁令 转态译法：主被交换： were introduced 通过了 The resulting patchwork of laws, people on all sides of the issue say, complicates a nationwide picture already clouded by scientific and ethnical questions over whether and how to restrict cloning or to ban it altogether. 译文：在克隆问题上各方人士 / 持各种立场的人认为，关于是否限制克隆、如何限制克隆或索性禁止克隆的科学及伦理问题，已经使全国性立法变得扑朔迷离。而如今各种法律东拼西凑 / 东拼西凑的法律，只会使全国性立法变得更复杂 / 使全国性立法形成步履维艰。 考点： 换序译法 抽象译法： patchwork : (sing)thing made of various small pieces or parts 拼凑物；混杂物 picture: the completion of sth. 完整的东西（全国性法律） 转性译法：名词形容词/动词 patchwork 东拼西凑 转态译法：主被交换： already clouded by 使变得扑朔迷离 具体译法：成语法： cloud 使变得扑朔迷离 complicate 使 步履维艰 Since 1997, when scientists announced the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, the specter of cloned babies, infants (that are in essence genetic carbon copies of adults), has loomed large in the public psyche and in the minds of lawmakers. 译文：当科学家 1997 年宣告首个克隆哺乳动物多利羊的诞生，克隆婴儿就在人们心中埋下了阴霾，因为它们其实 / 本质上就是成年人的基因复制物 / 翻版，这种阴霾一直笼罩在公众和立法者的心里。 考点： 同位语的翻译：定语前置法 Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal 首个克隆哺乳动物多利羊 specter: a haunting or disturbing image or prospect 幻影，幻象；缠绕心头或忧虑的景象或预感： 定语从句的翻译：融合法： 因果关系 Today, there is widespread argument (that cloning for reproduction is unsafe and should be banned). 译文：如今已经形成共识，即 / 认为用于繁殖的克隆技术是危险的 / 不安全的，应当禁止。 考点： widespread argument=consensus 共识 同位语从句的翻译：增加“即” 具体译法：加字法： cloning for reproduction 用于繁殖的克隆技术 正反译法： unsafe 危险的（正译） 不安全的（反译） 转态译法：省略被动词： should be banned 应当禁止 Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and tissues, ( which might be used to treat diseases). 译文：现在，争论已经从制造婴儿是否违背伦理，转到为提取用于治疗疾病的细胞和组织而克隆胚胎是否违背道德。 考点： 换序译法 名词词组译为分句： the ethics of baby-making 制造婴儿是否违背伦理 the morality of cloning embryos 克隆胚胎是否违背道德 增词译法： for their cells and tissues 为提取细胞和组织 定语从句的翻译：前置法 转态译法：省略被动词： might be used 用于 The controversy pits religious conservatives and abortion opponents, (who regard embryos as nascent human life), against patients groups, scientists and the biotechnology industry. 译文：争议双方势不两立：一方是认为胚胎是新生命的宗教保守分子和堕胎反对者，另一方为患者群体、科学家和从事生物技术相关人员。 考点： pitagainst: to set in direct opposition or competition: 使对立：置于直接对立或竞争的位置： eg. a war that pitted brother against brother 一场兄弟之间直接对立的战争 nascent （同）： incipient, budding, embryonic 增词译法： the biotechnology industry 从事 生物技术相关人员 2002 年 3 月考题 TRANSLATION TEST (1) (30 MINUTES) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Foundations are tax-free institutions that are created to give grants to both individuals and nonprofit organizations for activities that range from education, research, and the arts to support for the poor and the upkeep of exotic gardens and old mansions. They provide a means by which wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent, for they are based on money that otherwise would go to the government in taxes. From a small beginning at the turn of the century they have become a very important factor in shaping developments in higher education and the arts. Think tanks and university research institutes are nonprofit organizations that have been developed to provide settings for experts in various academic disciplines. In this way, they may devote their time to the study of policy alternatives free from the teaching and departmental duties that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community. Supported by foundation grants and government contracts, they are a major source of the new ideas that are discussed in the policy-formation groups. 分析： Foundations are tax-free institutions (that are created togive grants to both individuals and nonprofit organizations for activities (that range from education, research, and the arts to support for the poor and the upkeep of exotic gardens and old mansions). 译文：基金会是免税组织，其设立的目的是资助个人和非赢利性组织的活动，包括教育、调研、艺术、扶贫和维护奇园古宅。 考点： 层次断句：这句话其实也相当复杂。句中套了两句定语从句，一句修饰 institutions ，另一句修饰 activities ，另一个难点是 support 前的 to 到底承接哪里，其实它和前面的 range from 是构成了 fromto 的短语，判断了 to 的结构后，就不会把 to 后的内容理解成目的了，从而翻译成“以此”了。 定语从句的翻译：第一句是重复法， Foundations are tax-free institutions that are created to 基金会是免税组织，其设立 第二句是省略法, activities that range from education, research, and the arts 活动，包括教育、调研及艺术 转态译法：省略被动词 that are created to 其设立 the arts 的翻译： the arts 对于词汇较好的考生来说极易理解成“人文学科；文科”等，不过大家有没有注意到定冠词 the ？原来 arts 解释为“人文学科；文科”，但 the arts 相当于 fine art ，解释为“艺术”。 转性译法：形容词 名词 support for the poor 扶贫 the poor 又一次考察到 the+adj 表示一类人 名词 动词 the upkeep of 进行养护 介词 动词 fromto 包括 具体译法：成语法： exotic gardens and old mansions 奇园古宅 They provide a means (by which) wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent, for they are based on money (that otherwise would go to the government in taxes). 译文：基金会提供了一种方式可以让有钱人和大公司能实际支配花去税款的方式，因为基金会依赖于这笔税款，这些税款如果不用于基金会，就会划并到政府税收中去。 考点： wealthy people 翻译成“有钱人”可以，但 wealthy corporations 翻译成“有钱的公司”语义就不明确了，可以翻译成“大公司”。 定语从句的翻译：省略法： They provide a means by which wealthy people 基金会提供了一种方式可以让有钱人 for they are based on money that otherwise would go to the government in taxes 因为这些税款如果不用于基金会，就会划并到政府税收中去。 转态译法：被主交换： how their tax payments will be spent 花去税款 转性译法：副词 名词 how 方式 From a small beginning at the turn of the century they have become a very important factor in shaping developments in higher education and the arts. 译文：本世纪初，基金会数量并不多 / 比较少，而现在已在高等教育和艺术发展的格局中显得举足轻重了。 考点： 转性译法：动词 名词 shape 格局 正反译法： small 不多 增词译法： From a small beginning 这句话许多考生在翻译时根本没有注意到，有人理解成和 at the turn of the century 相同的意思，其实在 small 后面省略 number ，表示基金会数量在本世纪一开始不多。在翻译时应补充“数量”。 换序译法： at the turn of the century 在句首翻译 Think tanks and university research institutes are nonprofit organizations (that have been developed to provide settings for experts in various academic disciplines). 译文：智囊团和大学中的研究机构是非赢利性组织，为不同学术领域的专家提供了平台。 译文：智囊团和大学中的研究机构是不同学术领域专家栖息的非赢利性组织。 考点： think tanks ： organization or group of experts providing advice and ideas on national or commercial problems. 为国家或商业问题提供建议、解决方法的专家小组或组织；智囊团。 定语从句的翻译：省略法 意译： settings 平台 转态译法：省略不译 转性译法：名词 动词 settings 栖息 In this way, they may devote their time to the study of policy alternativesfree from the teaching and departmental duties (that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community). 译文：正因为如此 / 通过这种方式，这些专家就可以从大多数学术人士习以为常的日常教学和科系公务中脱离出来，全身心地投入到政策的研究中去。 考点： alternative 的翻译： alternative 作为名词有以下常见解释： 两者（或两者以上）择其一 eg. People above 30 have the alternative of marrying or remaining a bachelor. 30 岁以上的人可以选择结婚，也可以选择独身。 数种可能性（解决办法）之一 eg. One of the alternatives open to you is to resign. 你面前的一项选择就是辞职。 （选择题的）选项 eg. In each question, you have 4 alternatives to choose, among which there is only a correct answer. 每到问题有四个选项，其中只有一个正确答案。 替代品 eg. In modern society, we must find some biodegradable alternatives to plastics in order to avoid environmental protection. 在现代社会中，我们必须找到一些可降解的材料来代替塑料，从而避免环境污染。 free from 的翻译：文中的 free from 相当于 without 的意思，表示“脱离； 没有”等意思，其同义词有 lacking, short of, excluding, immune to 等 换序译法：从原文分析，“脱离教学和公务”在前，而“投入政策研究”在后， 两者是时间的先后关系。因此可以先翻译 free from 的部分，然后再翻译 devote their time to the study of policy 。 定语从句的翻译：前置法 转性译法：形容词 动词 free 脱离 名词 动词 routine 习以为常 Supported by foundation grants and government contracts, they are a major source of the new ideas (that are discussed in the policy-formation groups). 译文：有了 / 得到基金会的资助和政府的合约（保护），这些专家就能够为政策的制定提供源源不断的新思维。 考点： 转性译法：名词 形容词 source 源源不断的 英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的, 因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。 对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。(1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了 “加以”, “经过”, “用来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.其他问题将简单地加以讨论。例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。例3.Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词辐射来概括。(2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断 地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)认为It is well known that 大家知道(众所周知)It will be said 有人会说It was told that 有人曾经说(3) 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost