四级翻译语法汇总(全).ppt

倒装Inversion 在英语中 主语和谓语有两种顺序 一是主语在前 谓语在后 称为自然语序 NaturalOrder 反之 如果谓语在主语前面 就是倒装语序 InvertedOrder 倒装语序 全部倒装 部分倒装 FullInversion PartialInversion 倒装的原因一是语法结构的需要 一是为了强调 在全部倒装的句子中 整个谓语都放在主语的前面 在部分倒装的句子中 只是谓语中的一部分 如助动词 情态动词 或系动词be等 放在主语的前面 其余部分仍在主语之后 全部倒装 部分倒装 全部倒装 在以here there out in up down away off等方位副词或以now then时间副词开头的句子里 以示强调 采用全部倒装 如 Herearesomepicture books Upwentthearrowintotheair Inrushedastrangeman Nowcomesthebus Thencameacryforhelp 但当代词作主语时不用倒装 如 Away Offtheywent Therehecomes 全部倒装 2 为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语 将表语或表示地点的词语置于句首 采用全部倒装 Tothe Southofthetownlietwosteelfactories Betweenthetwobuildingsstandsatalltree OntheothersideisnorthernXinjiang Theyarrivedatafarmhouse infrontofwhichsatasmallboy PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorLiandmanyotherguests 部分倒装 用于so nor neither开头的句子中 表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人或物 句型so as be 助动词或情态动词 主语 句型nor neither be 助动词或情态动词 主语 IfTomgoestotheparty sowillMary Oureatinghabitshavechanged ashasourwayoflife Iwon tdosuchathing Nor NeitherwillI Ifyoudon tgo neithershallI 但如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思 尽管是用so开头 语序也不颠倒 注意 Itwascoldyesterday Soitwas TomorrowwillbeMonday Soitwill 如果前面一句话表示复杂的内容 用此句型表示 Soitis thesame with Ilikepopmusicanddon tlikeclassicalmusic SoitiswithMary SoitisthesamewithMary 2 用于以never not hardly scarcely barely rarely seldom little nowhere atnotime bynomeans notonce nolonger等含有否定意义的词开头的句子 如 Bynomeans Atnotimeshallwegiveup NeverhaveIbeentoAmerica Notaworddidhesayatthemeeting Littledoeshedoeveryday Nolongeraretheystayingwithus Notoncehasshefailedtokeepherpromise 3 在notonly butalso nosooner than hardly when scarcely when notuntil so that such that 句型中 主句倒装 从句不倒装 但要注意 neither nor 连接的句子前后两个分句都要倒装 Notonlyisshesmartbutalsosheisbeautiful Suchgreatprogressdidhemakethathewaspraised Notuntilmidnightdidhegohomeafterwork Sofrightenedwashethathecouldn tmovealittle Hardly Scarcely hadheenteredtheofficewhenherealizedhehadforgottenhisreport Neitherdidheknowaboutitnordidhecareaboutit 4 用于only所修饰的副词 介词短语 或状语从句开头时 如 Onlythendidhegettoknowtheimportanceofbeinghonest OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1945washeabletogethappilybacktowork 但only修饰主语时不倒装 OnlyDrYangcansavehislife 5 在as though引导的让步状语从句中 句子要倒装 表语或状语或动词原形 as though 主语 其他 注意 1 句首名词不能带任何冠词 2 句首是实义动词 其他助动词放在主语后 如果实义动词有宾语和状语 随实义动词一起放在主语之前 Childas thoughsheis sheknowsalot Muchas thoughIlikethecolorTVset Ican taffordit Tryhardashewill heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily 注意 让步状语从句中 有though although时 后面的主句不能有but 但是though和yet可连用 6 用于虚拟语气的条件从句中 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were had should等词 可将if省略 把were had should移到主语之前 采取部分倒装 Wereittoraintomorrow thefootballmatchwouldbeputoff Hadyouputonmoreclothes youwouldn thavecaughtcold ShouldMr Whitecall whatwouldyousay 7 在一些表示祝愿的句子中 Mayyoumakegreatprogress Mayyoubehappy 8 构成被动语态的过去分词或构成进行时态的现在分词可以提到句首 而形成部分倒装 Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungmenplayingchess Agroupofyoungmenplayingchessareseatedontheground Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold silver copperandlead VisitingBeijingwere300Japaneseyoungpeople 300JapaneseyoungpeoplewerevisitingBeijing Standingbesidethedeskisourheadmaster 倍数1 A be 倍数 as 计量形容词原级 as B Thistreeisthreetimesastallasthatone 2 A be 倍数 计量形容词比较级 than B TheYangtzeRiverisalmosttwicelongerthanthePearlRiver 3 A be 倍数 the 计量名词 of B Thenewlybroadenedsquareisfourtimesthesizeofthepreviousone 4 The 计量名词 of A be 倍数 that of B 一 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句 与过去事实相反 与现在事实相反 与将来事实相反 条件状语从句 主句 haddone were did didweretodoshoulddo would should could might havedone would should could might do would should could might do 1 主句与从句的构成 虚拟语气用于状语从句 2 虚拟语气用于定语从句 常用于句型 Itis high time that 中 定语从句的谓语动词一般用did间或用should do Examples It stimethatIpickedup shouldpickupmydaughter It shightimewedid shoulddoourwork It stimethatwestopped shouldstopthisquarrel 3 虚拟语气用于定语从句 常用于句型 Itis high time that 中 定语从句的谓语动词一般用did间或用should do Examples It stimethatIpickedup shouldpickupmydaughter It shightimewedid shoulddoourwork It stimethatwestopped shouldstopthisquarrel 4 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用 wish 宾语从句 表示不能实现的愿望 wish S haddone S did were S couldmightwould wouldrather 宾语从句 表示一种愿望 wouldrathersb didsth wouldrathersb haddonesth Examples Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow Iwouldratheryouhadgonethereyesterday IcouldgomyselfbutIwouldratheryouwentthisafternoon order commandsuggest advise recommend proposedemand insist desire request require urge 宾语从句 表示命令 建议 要求 宾语从句的谓语动词由 should 动词原形构成 Examples Heorderedthatthebridgebecompletedsoon Iproposethatwe should setadeadlineforhandingintheplan Herequestedhe should begivenanchancetotry 5 虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用 谓语动词的虚拟语气用 should 动词原形结构 Itisnecessary important naturalthatwe should cleantheroomeveryday Itisnecessary importantthathe should besentthereatonce Itisordered commanded suggested advised recommended proposed demanded desired requested requiredthatwe should geteverythingreadybynight Itisstrange surprising apity ashamethatyou should besocareless youaresocareless 6 虚拟语气在表语从句中的运用 作表示命令 建议 要求等的名词order advice suggestion proposal request requirement demand plan idea等的表语从句中 从句的谓语动词用 should 动词原形 MysuggestionisthatTom should besenttohelpanothergroup Theorderswerethatwe should staywherewewere Myidea planisthatwe should carryonourconversationinEnglish Examples 7 虚拟语气在同位语从句中的运用 作表示命令 建议 要求等的名词order advice suggestion proposal request requirement demand plan idea等的同位语从句中 从句的谓语动词用 should 动词原形 Examples Hissuggestionthatwe should gotoShanghaiiswonderful Whatdoyouthinkofhisidea planthatwe should putonaplayattheEnglishevening Iagreetotherequirementthattheplan should beadjusted 8 虚拟语气用于方式状语从句 YouarelookingatmeasifIweremad Heactsasthoughhehadseenaghost Heactsasthoughhewaseatingnoodles 9 虚拟语气用于让步状语从句 Evenifshewerehere shecouldnotsolveit Eventhoughtheboyhadbeentreatedwithoutdelay nothingcouldhavesavedhislife 10 虚拟语气用于目的状语从句 Hegotupearlysothathecould might wouldcatchthebus Westudyhardinorderthatwecan may willgotocollage 及物动词 不及物动词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 一般式 完成式 过去分词 现在分词 doing havingdone beingdone havingbeendone done going havinggone gone 分词的时态和语态构成形式 注 现在分词表示主动的和正在进行的动作 过去分词表示被动的和已经完成的动作 或只表被动而没有一定的时间性 动名词时态和语态构成形式 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 完成式 doing havingdone beingdone havingbeendone 所谓非谓语动词 它虽不具有动词的性质 即在句子中充当谓语 但仍然具有动词的特征 它有自己的逻辑主语 还可带有本身宾语或状语构成非谓语动词短语 在句子中作除谓语以外的任何成分 如 Manypeoplewatchedtheboysclimbingthemountain Wearestudyinghardtogotocollege Tocompletethatbuildingintenmonthswasagreatachievement 名称 句法功能 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 主语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语 非谓语动词的句法功能 分词作状语表示时间 原因 条件 伴随或补充说明 Hestayedintheroom knowingverywellwhatishappeningoutside Theteacherenteredtheclassroom followedbyhisstudents Havingfinishedallthework helefttheoffice Nothavingreceivedareply Iwroteagain InspiredbyDr Wang sspeech wedecidedtostudyharder Havingbeenshownaroundtheschool wehadabasketballmatch Givenmoretime wewoulddotheworkbetter 独立主格 独立主格是由动词非谓语形式中的分词和其独立的逻辑主语构成 用作主语的状语 说明原因 状态 条件 时间等 一 独立主格结构的构成形式1 逻辑主语 V ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者 分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作 而是其逻辑主语发出的动作 如 1 nobus wehadtowalkhome A TherebeingB BeingC HavingbeenD Therewas A 2 逻辑主语 V ed该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者 1 thetrainstarted A ThesignalgivenB GivingthesignalB ThesignalbeinggivenD Thesignalgiving2 thetrainstarted A AfterhavinggiventhesignalB AfterthesignalgivenC GivingthesignalD Afterthesignalwasgiven A D 3 逻辑主语 形容词 副词 该结构相当于一个未带动词的 主 系 表 结构 如 1 thepatientcanleavethehospital A BetterconditionsB ConditionsbetterC ConditionsarebetterD Beingbetterconditions2 thepatientcanleavethehospital A IfbetterconditionsB IfconditionsbetterC IfconditionsarebetterD Beingbetterconditions B C 独立主格总结 逗号不能连接两个句子状语中的动作不是由整句主语发出的 所以要有一个逻辑主语独立主格在整个句子中作状语 表原因 伴随 时间 条件等构成 逻辑主语 V ing 主动 逻辑主语 V ed 被动 逻辑主语 adj 主 系 表 分词 独立主格和 with 复合宾语 作状语的区别分词结构 独立主格结构 with 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语 其区别是这样的 一 分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语 即主句主语是分词的动作执行者 用现在分词 或动作承受者 用过去分词或现在分词被动式 这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语 二 独立主格结构和with 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时 这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语 即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致 三 使用独立主格结构 with 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意 它们与主句之间不应有从属连词 如when if assoonas as while等 或并列连词 如and but or so等 四 在使用独立主格结构 with 复合宾语结构 分词结构作句子的状语时 一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系 1 当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时 该状语可用分词结构或从句表示 1 inthought healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim A LostB AshewaslostC HelostD AandB D 2 forthebusatthestop hesuddenlycaughtsightofathief A WaitingB WhenhewaswaitingC AshewaswaitingD alltheabove2 若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语 则该状语不能用分词结构 只能用独立主格结构 with 复合宾语结构或从句 如 D 不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 动名词作宾语 下列动词后只能接动名词suggest recommend finish avoid mind enjoy miss excuse pardon consider imagine keep appreciate escape dislike delay admit risk understand practiseetc 2 allow permit forbid advisesbtodosthallow permit forbid advisedoingsth 3 want need require todo 主动 doing 被动 tobedone 被动 Heneeds take arest Thedesksneed repair Thepatientrequired examine totake repairing toberepaired examining tobeexamined 4 下列动词既可带动名词也可带不定式作宾语 但意思有区别 1 remember forget regret Pleaseremember meet heratthestation Iremember meet heroncesomewhere Iforgot see herbefore Don tforget bring yourbookhere Iregret notaccept hisadvice Iregret say Ihaven tgivenyouenoughhelp tomeet meeting havingmet tobring notaccepting nothavingaccepted tosay seeing havingseen 2 begin start 一般来说 begintodo和begindoing可以互换 但在以下三种情况下用todo 1 主语不是指人 而是it等 如 Itbegantorain 2 begin后接表示心理活动的词 如 begintoknow believe等 3 begin本身是ing形式 为避免重复后接todo 即 beginningtodo 3 try Ifnobodyanswerthedoor tryknockingatthebackdoor 尝试做 Youmusttrytogeteverythingready 设法做 4 mean Missingthebusmeanswaitingforanotherhour 意味着 TheteachermeanttobeginUnit3thenextweek 打算做 5 stop HestoppedhisworktowatchTV Theystoppedquarrellingaboutitassoonastheteacherappeared 6 like love prefer hate Ilovehiking tohikeinthemountain Ipreferlisteningtopopmusic buttodayIdon tpreferto Tomhatesswimminginthepool butnowhelikesto 7 continue Theycontinuedoing todoresearchinphysics 让步状语从句 1 although though as while We lltrytofinishtheworkintimealthough though whileweareshortofmanpower Muchas thoughIadmirehiscourage Idon tthinkheactedwisely Tryas thoughhemight hecouldn tliftthebox Littlechildas thoughheis heknowsalot I llgetthereevenif eventhoughIhavetosellmyhousetogetenoughmoneytogobyair 2 evenif eventhough 3 nomatter what who when where howwhat who when where how ever Don ttrusthimnomatterwhat whateverhesays Nomatterhowhard howeverhardtheworkis you dbettertrytodoitwell 4 whether or whether ornot We llcarryontheworkwhetherwecangetthemachineweneed ornot He llcomeontimewhetherhewalksortakesabus 定语从句TheAttributiveClause 1 由关系代词引导的定语从句 that 指物 指人 Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly Thegirl that wesawyesterdayisMary which 指物 Thefish which weboughtwerenotfresh who 指人 TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledJohn whom 指人 Theman whom youjusttalkedtoisMr Li whose 指物 指人 Ilikethebookwhosecoverisblue Theteacherwhosehousecaughtfireisn there as 指人 指物 IlikethesamemanasTomdoes Suchbooksashereadsaren tinterestingatall 2 由关系副词引导的定语从句 when where why 指时间 指地点 指原因 IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcamehere We llneverforgetthehappytimewhenweworkedonthefarm Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear Thefactorywherehisfatherworksistothewestofthecity Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan tdothat Hecouldn tgivetheteacheragoodreasonwhyhewaslateforschool that与which的区别 1 非限制性定语从句由which引出 介词后用which引出定语从句 2 先行词是不定代词时 用that引出定语从句 先行词前有形容词最高级 序数词修饰时 由that引出定语从句 行词前有only very修饰时 用that引出定语从句 表语用that 不管是人还是物 who或which引出的特殊疑问句中包含定语从句时 为避免重复 用that 先行词既有人又有物 用that of whomwhichwhose 代词数量词最高级 Hehastwosons bothof arecollegestudents IlikeGongLI allof filmsIhaveseen Inthismountainarea therearealotofvillages thesmallestof ismyhometown Thereareover150teachersinourschool threefourthof arewomen whom whose which whom Subject VerbAgreement主语和谓语的一致 I 谓语动词要与主语的人称和数一致 Thequestionsareveryimportant TomhasbeentoAmerica II 两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时 谓语动词一般用复数 如 YouandIaregoodfriends Airandwaterarebothimportanttolivingthings 1 当and不表示并列意义 而连接两个在意义上表示同一人 物或概念时 或由两个部件配成的物品时 谓语动词用单数 如 注意 Theheadmasterandmathsteacherisspeakingtothestudents Ourmanagerandfriendhasthoughtoutawaytosolvetheproblem Anewknifeandforkisonthetable Acartandhorsewasseeninthedistance Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory 2 两个并列的名词由each every no manya修饰时 谓语动词用单数 如 Eachboyandeachgirlinmyclasshasadictionary Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesthissinger Noteacherandnostudenthasheardaboutit Everydoctorandeverynursewasgivenanewshirt III 集合名词class team group family public government crew club等作主语时 如果强调整体 谓语动词用单数形式 如果强调个体 则用复数 如 Thefamily be ahappyone Thefamily watch TVnow Thepublic consist ofyouandme Thepublic have differentopinionsaboutthismatter is arewatching consists have 某些集合名词如people police cattle作主语时 谓语动词必须用复数 IV 不定代词1 anyone anybody someone somebody noone nobody everyone everybody anything everything something nothing each theother等作主语时 谓语动词用单数 2 all most half some therest any none等作主语时 其主谓一致关系一般遵循意义一致的原则 Therestofthelecture be dull Therestofthebikes be onsaletoday All be readyforthemeeting All be eagertowatchthefootballmatch Noneofthebooks be easyenoughforus Noneofthis worry me is are is are is are worries 3 either neither通常看作单数 谓语动词多用单数形式 manya morethanone oneandahalf所修饰的词作主语时谓语动词多用单数形式 Neitherofushasgonethroughsuchtraining Haseitherofthemtoldyouaboutit Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience Morethanonestudentlikesthenewteacher Oneandahalfapplesisonthetable Examples V 当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or either or neither nor notonly butalso或not but连接时 谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致 Examples Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudents expect towinthematch Neithermyfathernorwe be therethatday Eitheryouorhe have todoit have eitheryouorhemadesuchafoolishmistake Mr Smithorhischildren be responsibleforit NotshebutI fail intheexam areexpecting were has are havefailed Have VI 当主语后面跟有由aswellas ratherthan with alongwith togetherwith like but except besides including inadditionto等引导的词组时 其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定 如 Example Thepilotaswellastwoofthepassengers escape death Someworkersbesidesthemanager work duringtheholiday Mr Stone ratherthanMr Li be theauthorofthisbook Thefather along together withhissons climb themountainnow hasescaped areworking is isclimbing VII 表示时间 金钱 距离 重量的复数名词表示单位数量用作主语时 通常看作整体 谓语动词用单数 如 Fourthousanddollars be morethanshecanafford Threeweeks allow forfinishingthetask Onehundredkilometers cover inasingleday Sixtykilogrammes be tooheavytobecarried is isallowed wascovered is 注意 如果强调数量 谓语动词可用复数 Tenyearshavepassedsincetheylefthere VIII 如果主语是分数或百分数后跟of 属格 一般根据意义一致的原则来决定谓语动词的单复数形式 谓语动词的数跟of 后的名词或代词一致 Three fourthsofitssurfaceoftheearth be sea 70percentofthepeople be againsttheplan Fortypercentofthework finish sofar Onehalfofthestudents do theexperimentinthelabnow are hasbeenfinished aredoing is Examples IX 不定式 动名词 从句作主语时 谓语动词用单数 但由and连接两个以上的不定式 动名词 从句作主语时 谓语动词用复数 Examples Toactlikethat be foolish Hikingandrafting be bothexcitingadventures Whatheisdoing worry hisparentsalot WhatIwant be hishelp Whenandwherethegymwillbebuilt be notclear WhatIsayandthink be nobusinessofyours Whatwewant be moreteachers is are worries is is are are x 大杂烩 1 如果主语由the 形容词或分词结构担任时 谓语通常用复数 如表示抽象概念用单数 Theinjured take tothehospital Theold be respected Thebeautiful love byeveryone havebeentaken are isloved 2 在therebe句型中 遵循邻近一致原则 There be anapple anorangeandmanybananasinthebasket There be notonlyhischildrenbuthiswifetoconsider is are 3 在 oneof 复数名词 who that which引导的定语从句 结构中 从句谓语动词用复数形式 但当one前有theonly等修饰时 从句谓语动词应用单数形式 Thisisoneofthemos