考研英语翻译.doc

2013考研英语翻译第六十七句：Were he facing a more charismatic candidate than Mitt Romney or a less extremist bunch than the Republicans, Mr Obama would already be staring at defeat.主干识别： Mr Obama would already be staring at defeat.其他成分： Were he facing a more charismatic candidate than Mitt Romney or a less extremist bunch than the Republicans, 带虚拟语气的条件状语从句翻译点拨： 词汇点拨： charismatic 有领袖人物魅力的， extremist 极端的 bunch 一群人 Republicans 共和党人 staring at defeat （比喻的说法）直译：盯着失败看；转译：面对失败（对应前面的facing) 成分的点拨： If被省略了，补充完整参考译文： 如果他面对的是一位比米特罗姆尼更具有超凡魅力的候选人，或者是一帮没有共和党人那么极端的家伙，奥巴马先生早就得面对失败了。2013考研英语翻译第六十八句：Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. 主干识别： Darwinism seems to offer justification其他成分： for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. for引导的原因状语从句翻译点拨： 词汇点拨： justification 证明.是合理的， origins 起源 cultural diversity 文化多样性 traced 追溯到 constrained 有限的 成分点拨： 主句的翻译：Darwinism seems to offer justification达尔文的学说在这里似乎提出了证明； 其他成分的处理： it seems reasonable to suppose 相似主语处理为：有理由认为 for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. 因为如果人类享有共同的起源，那么似乎就有理由认为文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为有限的起源。参考译文： 达尔文的学说在这里似乎提出了证明， 因为如果人类享有共同的起源，那么似乎就有理由认为文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为有限的起源。2013考研英语翻译第六十九句：To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.主干识别：Tomight enable us to understand how and what其他成分：To filter out what is unique from what is shared 动词不定式做主语。 how complex cultural behavior arose 宾语从句1 what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms 宾语从句2翻译点拨：词汇点拨： filter outfrom从中过滤出 arose 出现 in terms 就角度而言 evolutionary or cognitive 进化和认知 成分的处理： 句子中的某个成分比较长的时候可以将这个成分单独成句。 这里可以先翻译主语为一个句子： 从共有特征中滤出独有特征， 在主语空缺的位置加上“这” 这 might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. 这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，并从进化论或认知角度理解什么引导了它的走向。参考译文： 从共有特征中滤出独有特征，这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，并从进化论或认知角度理解什么引导了它的走向。2013考研英语翻译第七十句：The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality，identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. 主干识别：The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality 其他成分：identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. 状语翻译点拨：词汇点拨： empirical approach 经验主义的方法universality 普遍性（这里是指语言的） biases 歧视和倾向cognitive constraints 认知限制成分点拨：The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, 主语可单独成句第二次努力是由乔舒亚.格林堡做出的，takes a more empirical approach to universality这一次她采取了采用更为经验主义的方法来（研究）语言的普遍性，“加上研究二字使翻译更通顺，用到了增词的方法，在介词短语中可以增加动词”identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.确定了多种语言（尤其是语法词序方面）的共同特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。“将状语单独成句，定语从句单独成句，符合我们翻译的原则，那个部成分长了咱就从哪里下手!”参考译文： 第二次努力是由乔舒亚.格林堡做出的，她这次采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言（尤其是语法词序方面）的共同特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。2013考研英语翻译第七十一句：Chomskys grammar should show patternsof language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathwaytracked through it , whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order.主干识别：Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change.其他成分：that are independent of the family tree or the pathwaytracked through it定语从句 whereasGreenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particulartypes of word-order. 并列句翻译点拨：词汇点拨： Chomsky乔姆斯基 Beindependent of 不受 的影响 familytree 谱系（根据上下文可以提示大家这里是指语言的） Greenbergian格林堡式的（合成词） universality普遍性 co-dependencies相互依存 whereas但是 成分的处理： 先翻主句： Chomskysgrammar should show patterns of language change 乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式 再将定语从句单独成句： thatare independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it这些模式不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影响； whereasGreenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particulartypes of word-order 但是格林堡式的普遍性预测了特定的词序类型间紧密（strong）的依存性2013考研英语翻译第七十二句：Ontheother,it（discipline这一学科）linkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.主干识别：itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealities其他成分：inamanner状语whichisparalleltothelinks定语从句journalistsforge定语从句修饰linksonadailybasis状语astheycoverandcommentonthenews状语翻译点拨：这个句子由于层次比较复杂，单词虽然简单但是具体赋予中文含义的时候会有一定的难度。词汇的点拨：Everydayrealities每天的事实（日常事实）Beparallelto与相平行（与相似）Forge建立Forgelink建立联系Covernews报道新闻初步翻译：另一方面，这个学科把这些概念和日常事实联系起来，以这样一种方式来联系，这种方式类似于新闻记者建立起来的联系，在每天的基础上，当他们报道和评论新闻时。这样的初步翻译肯定是不行的是需要改进的：首先可以将:Onadailybasis简化翻译为：每天=everyday后半句可以改为：这种方式与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时建立起来的联系是相似的。翻译到这里很多考区可以拿满分，但是仔细一点解释就可以知道：新闻记者在报道和评论新闻的时候建立的联系就是和日常事实建立的联系。所以这个学科和做法和新闻报道的做法是相似的。这样在翻译的时候就是可以将平行并列的部分简化的。参考译文：另一方面，这一学科吧这些概念和日常事实结合在一起，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相似的。2013考研英语翻译第七十三句：But the idea that the journalist mustunderstand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on anunderstanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities ofthe news media.主干识别：the idea restson an understanding 其他成分：the journalistmust understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen 同位语从句of the established conventions and special responsibilities of thenews media.定语翻译点拨：词汇点拨：rests on 基于established conventions 已确立的传统（规定/习俗） 成分的点拨： 先翻译同位语从句： the journalistmust understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen 新闻记者应比普通公民更加深刻（透彻）地了解法律再翻主句：主句中定语和宾语的处理：an understanding of the established conventions and specialresponsibilities of the news media. 对于新闻媒体中已确立的传统和特殊责任的理解根据语义可以确定of the newsmedia.修饰theestablished conventions and special responsibilities参考译文：新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于对新闻媒体中已确立的传统（规定）和特殊责任的理解。2013考研英语翻译第七十四句：The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era, when Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his whiz kids became famous for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, doing things like improving fuel-transport times and scheduling more-efficient bombing raids. 主干识别：The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era其他成分：when Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his whiz kids became famous定语从句主干 for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, 定语从句中的状语 状语翻译点拨： 词汇点拨： 注意对pendulum的理解： The pendulum has swung back and the American car companies have made dramatic advances in safety. 三十年河东，三十年河西，美国汽车公司在安全方面已经取得了巨大进步。 The political pendulum has swung in favour of the liberals. 政治形势转而对自由主义者有利。 The political pendulum in American politics swung away from the right, putting an end to the12- year Republican Revolution on Capitol Hill and delivering a sharp rebuke of President Bush and the Iraq war. 美国政坛的政治钟摆从右派转向，一举结束共和党在国会山庄的十二年革命，并对布希总统和伊拉克战争发出强烈的怒吼。 grad 毕业生 whiz kids 天才学生 mathematical modeling 数学模型 game theory 博弈论 statistical analysis 数据分析 Army Air Corps 陆军航空队 fuel-transport 加油 bombing raids 空袭 成分点拨： The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era 情况在战后开始改变 再单独翻译定语从句： Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his whiz kids became famous for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, 哈佛商学院的毕业生 Robert McNamara和那些天才学生一起因为使用数学模型，博弈论和复杂的数据分析来为陆军航空队做事而名噪一时， 最后翻状语： doing things like improving fuel-transport times and scheduling more-efficient bombing raids. 翻译是省略doing things like，直接翻为：他们减少加油的时间并且安排出更有效的空袭。 参考译文：情况在战后开始改变， 哈佛商学院的毕业生 Robert McNamara和那些天才学生一起因为使用数学模型，博弈论和复杂的数据分析来为陆军航空队做事而名噪一时，他们减少了加油所需要的时间并且安排出更有效的空袭。2013考研英语翻译第七十五句：In fact, circumstances seem to be designedto bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then weare unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .主干识别：并列句主干一：circumstancesseem to be designed to bring out the best in us. 并列句主干二：we are unlikely to begin aconscious effort to escape from our situation.其他成分：并列句二：ifwe feel that we have been “wronged” 状语翻译点拨：这个句子的结构不复杂主要是在转换为中文的时候有一定的困难。词汇的点拨：bring out唤起，引起，激发the best 直接翻译为最好的，但是可以接受的是：力量，能量，正能量；have been 完成时态可以翻译为“总”wronged 动词: 不公平对待；begin a conscious effort to 自觉地做escape from our situation 改变境遇，处境参考译文：实际上，环境似乎就是为了去唤起我们内心的力量，并且如果我们总感觉到不公平，那么我们不太可能可以用自觉的力量去改变境遇。2013考研英语翻译第七十六句：The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.主干识别：The Environmental Revolution will be judged其他成分： by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, 状语 one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition. 名词 path的同位语翻译点拨：这个句子虽然长，但是不难翻译，只是注意主句的翻译： The Environmental Revolution will be judged 直接翻译：环境革命被.评判 被动转为主动就可以转译为： 判断（评价）环境革命的标准是. 记住增词不增意。2+1=2 对同位语单独成句即可。 参考译文：评价环境革命的标准就是看它能否使世界经济转变到在环境上可持续发展的道路上，这条路能使经济有更大保障、生活方式更加健康、全球人类生活状况普遍改善。2013考研英语翻译第七十七句：But its interesting to wonder if theimages we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood arentin some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions withthe actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.主干识别：itsinteresting to wonder 其他成分：if theimages we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood arentin some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions withthe actual experience If引导的宾语从句 in thesame way that 引导宾语从句中的状语从句： a smallpart of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bitlike Jennifer Aniston.翻译点拨：词汇点拨： Parenthood父母（身份）= parent Subconscious潜意识 contributingto 造成 the Rachel 瑞秋（美剧六人行中的主角之一，很美，剧中是一个单生妈妈） JenniferAniston 瑞秋的扮演者，生活中也是一个单生妈妈，前夫是布拉德.皮特 主句的处理：its interesting to wonder 形式主语可以直接翻译为： 但是有趣的是可以思考一下 宾语从句的处理： 这里需要结合一个结构： towonder ifarent 这个结构是可以翻译为否定也可以翻译为肯定的，多翻译为肯定。 有趣的是可以思考一下，我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福诱人的为人父母的形象会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满。 状语的处理： in thesame way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us lookjust a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 这种方式就好像：我们中有一小部分人会觉得，要是成为瑞秋（单身妈妈）就有可能使我们看上去有点像使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗安尼斯顿了。参考译文： 有趣的是可以思考一下，我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福诱人的为人父母的形象会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满。这种方式就好像：我们中有一小部分人会觉得，要是成为瑞秋（单身妈妈）就有可能使我们看上去有点像有点像詹尼弗安尼斯顿了。2013考研英语翻译第七十八句：Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers ，in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.主干识别：Nor is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.这部分的句子好理解倒装：management is not to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers， in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.状语：喜欢其中较为传统的善于团队合作的思想者其他成分：关键理解：if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect这个句子的语序可以这样调整一下：regularity and conformity to a standard pattern as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect are as desirable to the scientist 。对于两个AS的理解： 第一个as是定语从句的引导词做人称代词，做reflect的宾语。第二个则是一个副词修饰desirable 表示“一样的”。（牛津高阶字典中AS做副词的释意思）这样这个句子的结构就和我们课上讲的定语从句的一种结构是一样的： S（主语）+LV（系动词）+表语+That（as 引导的定语从句）：The sun is rise in the east that is bright. 参考翻译： 如果科学家很想得到（desirable）他们的论文中反映出来的规律性和对标准模式的一致性的话，加工后的翻译：如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一样，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的思维与众不同的人，或者喜欢其中较为传统的善于团队合作的思想者而受到指责了。2013考研英语翻译第七十九句：In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objectiveresearchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. 主干识别：factsabout the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objectiveresearchers其他成分：In theidealized version of how science is done 状语 who usethe scientific method to carry out their work.翻译点拨：词汇的处理：Idealized理想的Version 版本 （这里可以处理为“情况，状况”）facts about the world 关于世界的事实carry out 进行，从事成分的点拨：先翻译状语：In the idealized version of how science is done 直接翻译：在理想的科学怎么被做的状态中, 改进： 去掉被动态 科学怎么被做=科学研究 在科研的理想状态中， 再翻主句： facts about the world are waiting to beobserved and collected by objective researchers 关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集， 最后翻译定语从句： who usethe scientific method to carry out their work. 研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作参考译文：在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集，研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。2013考研英语翻译第八十句：第四十六句，复习：翻译的过程是：（1）将句子划分意群。所谓意群简单的讲就是完整的一个成分，比如：主语，定语，状语等，但是当两个成分相对比较简单或者意义联系紧密的时候可以讲多个成分划为一个完整的意群，比如：he did not accept the charge这个主谓宾就可以划为一个意群了。划分意群的时候常见的划分点：动词，连词，标点（逗号，冒号，破折号），介词（2）将每个意群一一的翻译为中文。任何过长的成分都可以翻译为单独的一个中文句子（3）再将翻译好的意群按中文的表述逻辑拼装为完整的句子。We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education - that of direct tuition or schooling.主干识别：We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education其他成分：within the broad educational process 状语 which we have been so far considering “ process”的定语 that of direct tuition or schooling. 同位语翻译点拨：词汇的处理 distinguish 区分出 consider考虑/讨论 tuition 直接讲授 schooling 学校教育 主句的处理 We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education 直接翻译为：我们进而被引导去区分(引导我们的就是我们自己) 翻译中常常是将被动变为主动，“得以”是常见的替换方式，在我的课程笔记中是可以看到的。 同位语的处理： that of direct tuition or schooling. 记中是可以看到的。 所以可以改译为：这就使我们进而得以去区分一种更加正式的教育。 状语的处理： within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering 定语从句可以前置 ，在（我们）一直讨论的广义的教育过程中， 代词“我们”和主句的“我们”重复了，可以省略。 同位语可以处理为:“也就是” That 指代前面的正式教育，只是为了语言更正式可以不翻译。参考译文： 这就使我们进而得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中去区分出一种更加正式的教育，也就是直接讲授或学校教育。特别提示：在翻译的过程中我们一直在遵循一种原则，那就是：2+1 = 2 (加词不加意)2+1 = 2（减词不减意）的原则。代词的省译例例1： One must have studied hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 【译文】必须勤学苦练, 才能精通一门外语。例2： He covered his face with his hand as if to protect his eyes. 【译文】他用手蒙住脸，好像去保护眼睛。例3：Our son, Carl, who is six, goes to a good private school, and our daughter, who is four, wont go to school until next year. 【译文】我儿子卡尔六岁，在一所很好的私立学校读书，女儿四岁，明年才上学。例4：We live and learn. 【译文】：活到老，学到老。 名词的省译:同位语从句所补充说明的名词：Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。 一些没有实际含义,省去后能使句子更加通顺和简洁，且不改变句子含义的名词：A of B （上下义词） the practice of run , 一些表示比喻含义的名词动词的省译：动词一般不能省略，但某些动词( 如give, make, come, take, pay )与具有动作意味的名词连用时可以省略；系动词（如become, go, get等）也可以省译。2013考研英语翻译第八十一句：有同学不清楚wonderif （反思）（if引导的宾语从句）再来一句哈：Unhappy parents rarely are provoked towonder if they shouldnt have had kids, but unhappy childless folks arebothered with the message that children are the single most important thing inthe world: obviously their misery must be a dire