201406四、六级段落翻译预测(较全).doc

50 5. Westerners have linked the country of China with porcelain since a long time ago, because the technique of manufacturing porcelain was originally invented in China. Porcelain was developed on the basis of pottery. If calculated from the appearance of the primitive porcelain in the Shang Dynasty, its history has been about 3000 years. The techniques of manufacturing porcelain have developed rapidly since the Eastern Han Dynasty. Famous kilns producing porcelain products with unique features and new pottery and porcelain varieties constantly came forth in subsequent dynasties. Chinese porcelain wares are not only daily handy necessities, but also precious arts and crafts. From the Han and Tang dynasties, Chinese porcelain wares and their manufacturing techniques gradually spread all over the world. Today, China continues to create new varieties of precious porcelain.4. The decoration and design of doors and windows was a fixture in classical Chinese architecture. The ancients believed that Doors and windows were symbolic curtains separating heaven and earth in traditional Chinese architecture, and that the harmony between heaven and earth was realized when these curtains were opened. The elaborately-designed diverse latticeworks that characterize the traditional doors and windows has exerted a far-reaching influence on Chinese architectural ornament. In ancient times, ones house usually told much about the owners taste, status, and wealth. As a result, ancient people paid much attention to the architecture when they build houses. / when a person had a house built for him or her.In some window latticeworks, layers of gold foils, which indicates the housespast eminence, are still visible. Some others were carved with poems and lyrics, or even calligraphy and paintings, which implies that literary families once lived in the houses.6.The lion dance originated in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, developing into large-scale singing and dancing performed by hundreds of people collectively in the Tang Dynasty. The lion dance is a traditional culture and art. Form the North to the South, from cities to countries, people can see cheerful lion dances on New Years Day and on other festivals and celebrations. Folk people believe that the lion dance can express peoples feelings of joy, and it can also set off the lively atmosphere. People believe that the lion is a lucky beast that expresses joy and happiness. Therefore, the lion dance plays an important role at official celebrations and happy event to summon luck and fortune.201312已经四六级段落翻译已经考过的话题：茶文化；中国结；信息科技；中秋节；春节（第一次涉及特色、节日、经济，没有涉及历史，是否第二次会涉及历史，或者其中二者均沾边的话题？）2014四六级段落翻译预测话题：一、文化京剧、儒家思想（道家等）、龙的象征、舞龙、舞狮、中医、百家姓、功夫、清明节、端午节、筷子、饺子、汤圆、元宵节、年画、秧歌、汉字、风水、朝代文化（如唐文化）、刺绣、陶瓷、长城二、经济乒乓球、中国国情（人口、经济、发展的概述）、典型城市概述（如澳门、香港、上海）、新事物或科技的概述（如电子视听等）三、历史大禹治水、民国那点事、秦始皇统一、朝代的统治（如唐朝、宋朝）四、其他特殊景致如西湖例子：一、文化1. 京剧：1) 京剧被称为中国的国粹(national opera/ the quintessence of Chinese culture), 起源于18世纪晚期，是将音乐、舞蹈、艺术和杂技(acrobatics)综合于一体的戏曲。在中国，京剧是所有戏曲中最有影响力和代表性的戏曲。中国的京剧有着200多年的历史，是中国的名族瑰宝。京剧有着丰富的剧目(repertoire)、众多的表演艺术家和大批的观众，在中国有着其他戏曲无法匹及的深远影响。京剧剧目主要讲述前朝传说故事，其中包括古代重要的历史事件以及王侯将相、才子佳人的故事，讲述从尧、舜、禹，春秋战国群雄并起的历史时期到秦、汉、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清等多朝代的历史故事。Known as Chinas national opera, Beijing Opera, which originated in the late 18th century, is a synthesis of music, dance, art and acrobatics. It is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. Beijing Opera is a national treasure with a history of more than 200 years. Owing to its richness of repertoire, great number of artists of performance and of audiences, Beijing Opera has profound influence, which no other opera in China can rival. The repertoire of Beijing Opera is mainly engaged in fairy tales of preceding dynasties, important historical events, emperors, ministers and generals, geniuses and great beauties, from Yao, Shun, Yu, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period to the dynasties of Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing.2) 要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解。中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表 性的剧种。作为一个独立的剧种，京剧的诞生大约是在1840年至I860年。京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础 上形成的。京剧有明确的角色分工;在念白上用北京方言;在音乐上以胡琴为主要伴奏乐器。由于京剧是在融 合各种地方戏之精华的基础上形成的，所以它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱。To understand the Chinese culture, you have to know something about the Chinese opera culture. In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one. As an independent opera form, Peking Opera was approximately born between 1840 and I860. Peking opera originated from absorbing the essentials of other local operas. In Peking Opera there is a clear division of roles; the spoken parts are in Beijing dialect; and huqin, is the main accompaniment instrument. Since Peking Opera has combined the cream of various local operas, it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country.3）京剧本来是一种地方性的戏剧表演形式，由于它传遍中国大江南北，深受群众欢迎与喜爱，所以就慢慢演变成了代表中国艺术特色的全国性戏剧。京剧表演融合了唱、念、作、打等多种艺术表现形式，辅以五彩缤纷的服装道具以及化妆。在京剧中，女性的角色被称做“旦”，男性的角色被称做“生”，小丑被称做“丑”每个角色都会依照他们的性别、年龄及个性，在脸上画不同的脸谱。这样，观众可以很容易地分清这些演员所扮员的角色是什么样的性格。Originally a form of local theatre, Peking Opera spread all over the country and then became the national opera of China. Peking Opera combines stylized acting with singing, dancing, musical dialogues, martial arts, colorful facial make-up and artistic costumes. Female roles are Dan, male roles are “Sheng”, and clowns are “Chou”. Each role, according to their sex, age and disposition, is characterized by different designs of facial make-up. So the audience can easily tell what kind of character an actor is performing.2. 儒家思想1）儒家思想是中国传统文化的基石。它出现在大约2500年前的春秋时期(the Spring and Autumn Period)，是建立在夏、商、周朝的传统文化之上，并由孔子创立的完整观念体系(ideological system)。儒家思想博大精深，涵盖了人性、政治、法律、教育、哲学、道德各个领域。儒家文化以人本哲学(humanistic philosophy)为依托，这表现在它对人类个体的尊敬、关注和热爱。总而言之，儒家文化是世界文化遗产的重要组成部分，是东方文化的代表，也是中国文化传统的中流砥柱。Confucianism is the cornerstone of traditional Chinese culture. Founded about 2500 years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism is a complete ideological system created by Confucius, based on the traditional culture of the Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties. It is extensive and profound, covering on humanistic philosophy, politics, education, philosophy and ethics. Confucian culture rests on humanistic philosophy, which is shown in its respect, attention to and love of human individuals. In brief, Confucian culture is an important component of world cultural heritage, a major representative of oriental culture, and the dominant facet of Chinese cultural tradition.2）孔子（Confucius）是春秋时期的大思想家、大教育家和儒 Confucianism）的创始人，是古代中国人心目中的圣人。孔子的言论和生平活动记 于论语（Analects）一书中。论语是中国古代 文化的经典著作。在孔子之后几千年的中国历史上，没有哪一位思想家、文学家和政治家不 受论语的影响。不研究论语，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。As a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius is a sage to the ancient Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects. As an enduring classic of Chinese culture, The Analects has influenced all thinkers, writers and politicians in the thousand years Chinese history after Confucius. No scholar could truly understand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinese without this book.3. 中医(TraditionalChineseMedicine)是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贡献。如今，中医和西医(westernmedicine)在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界瞩目。中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局(StateAdministrationofTCMandPharmacology)负责。现在国家巳经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和开发。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药(herbalogy)、针灸(acupuncture)、推拿(massage)和气功(Qigong)。TraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)isanintegralpartofChineseculture.It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic approach, abundant historical literature and materials has attracted a lot of attention form the international community. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry. TCM is defined as a medical science governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes Chinese medication, herbalogy, acupuncture, massage and Qigong.4. 舞龙（Dragon dance）是中国文化中一种传统的舞蹈与表演形式。它起源于汉朝并且由信仰并尊敬龙的中国人所开创。人们认为舞龙一开始是农耕文化的组成部分，起初也是治病和防病的一种方法。舞龙在宋朝（Song Dynasty）就已经成为一项流行的活动。舞龙是中国文化和传统的重要组成部分，已经传遍了中国乃至全世界，而且已经成为中国体育活动中的一种特殊的艺术表演。它象征着在来年为世界上所有的人带来好运和兴旺。 Dragon dance is a form of traditional dance and performance in Chinese culture. It originated during the Han Dynasty and was started by the Chinese who has shown great belief and respect towards the dragon. It is believed to have begun as part of the farming and harvest culture, also with origins as a method of healing and preventing sickness. Dragon dance was already a popular event during the Song Dynasty. Dragon dance is an important part of the Chinese culture and tradition. It has spread throughout China and to the whole world and become a special performance of arts in the Chinese physical activities. It symbolizes good luck and prosperity in the year to come for all the human beings on earth.5. 现代中国人的姓名通常由姓（家庭姓氏）和名（个人所起的名字）组成，并且姓在前，名在后。因此，王小平被称为王先生，个人的名字为小平。但是，在中国古代，起名字非常复杂。一个人通常有好几个名字，包括姓、氏、名、字，每一个都表达不同的意思。姓和氏演变为现在的姓，名和字则演变为现在的名。现在人们通常用姓氏来指一个人的姓，用名字来指一个人所起的名。对中国古代文献的研究表明，“姓”最初指不同的母系部落（matriarchal tribes）的名字，和人们的居住地也有某些关系。研究表明，“姓”出现于母系社会时期，大约四千至五千年之前。A modern Chinese usually has a surname (family name) or xing and a given name (first name), or ming (or mingzi), always in that order. Thus Wang Xiaoping is Mr. Wang with the personal name Xiaoping. In ancient China, however, naming was very complicated and one person usually had several names, including xing, shi, ming, and zi. Each of these four words meant a different thing. Xing and shi together formed todays surname, and ming and zi todays given name. Nowadays, people use xingshi to refer to a persons surname, mingzi to refer to ones give name. Study of ancient Chinese documents shows that xing originally referred to the names of different matriarchal tribes. It also had something to do with the place where people live. Researches show that xing came into being during the matrilineal society period, around four or five thousand years ago.6. 年画（New Year Painting），在清朝光绪年间正式被称为年画。北宋年间，每逢过年过节家家户户贴年画已成为一种风尚。木 板年画历史悠久，堪称中国民间艺术宝库中的一颗明珠。木版年画，顾名思义，就是用木板 印出来的年画，不但具有极高的收藏价值，而且还极具观赏性。朱仙镇木板年画和天津杨柳 青、山东潍坊、江苏桃花坞年画并称中国四大年画。朱仙镇木版年画采用的是手工木刻制作， 制作工艺非常地讲究。New Year Painting is a kind of Chinese painting originated from ancient door god painting. In the period of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, it was formally known as New Year Painting. Inthe Northern Song Dynasty, it was a trend to paste new year paintings on New Year festivals and other holidays. The wood panel new year painting has a long history. It can be called a pearl of the treasures of folk art in China. The wood panel new year paintings, as its name implies, are painted with wood panels. They not only have very high artistic value, but also are highly ornamental. Wood panel new year paintings in Zhuxian Town, together with new year painting in Yangliuqing of Tianjin, Weifang of Shandong and Taohuawu of Jiangsu are collectively known as the four famous new year paintings in China. Wood panel new year paintings in Zhuxian Town are made of hand-made wood and the production process is very demanding.7. 中国人有在清明节扫墓祭祖和踏青插柳的习俗。每到清明节，家家户户都要到郊外去祭扫祖 先的坟墓。人们为坟墓除去杂草，添加新土，在坟前点上香（），摆上食物和纸钱， 表示对祖先的思念和敬意。清明时节，树木发芽，到处一片新绿，呈现出生机盎然的景色。 人们会到郊外呼吸新鲜空气，观赏蓝天、绿树、小草和鲜花，或者折根柳枝在戴在头上，叫 做“插柳”。据说，插柳可以驱除鬼怪和灾难，祈求平安幸福。The Chinese people have the custom of sweeping the tombs, taking an outing and wearing a willow twig on the head on the Tomb-sweeping Day. When the Tomb-sweeping Day comes, every family will go to the country side to hold a memorial ceremony at their ancestors tombs. People get rid of any weeds growing around the tomb, add new earth, burn incense and offer food and spirit money to show their remembrance and respect for their ancestors. At this time, the grass and trees have put forth new buds, with fresh green everywhere, which reflects the vitality of spring. It is a good time for people to breathe the fresh air in the countryside and appreciate the blue sky, green trees, grass and flowers. People like to wear a willow twig on the head because it is supposed to be able to drive away ghosts and disasters and bring safety and happiness.8. 中华民族是龙的传人，而实际上根本没有龙这种动物存在，它只是人们臆想出来的一种动物 象征 ，结合了许多种其他不同动物的特征，包括：鹿、鱼、老虎、狮子、马、牛、驴、蛇、 vulture）。龙被人们看作是一种具有神性的动物，时常与云朵、雷电和降雨联系在 一起，它可以在陆地行走，在海里游泳，在天空翱翔，化作风神和雨神。中国人不仅认为龙 mascot），还是权力、尊严、运气、力量和成功的化身。The Chinese people consider themselves descendents of the dragon, which is in fact a fictitious animal combining some features of the deer, fish, tiger, lion, horse, ox, donkey, snake and vulture. This divine animal is always associated with clouds, thunderbolts and rainfall. It can walk on the land, swim in the sea and fly in the air and is the deity of wind and rain. Chinese people believe it is a mascot, as well as the embodiment of power, dignity, luck, strength and success.9.刺绣（embroidery）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术之一，在中国艺术和手工艺品史上占有重要地位。刺绣离不开养蚕（silkworm-raising）与纺丝（silk-reeling）的发展。中国是世界上最早发现与使用蚕丝的国家，人们在五千年前就已经开始了养蚕、纺丝了。随着丝织品的产生与发展，刺绣工艺逐渐兴起。如今，中国刺绣工艺流行于世界各地，并且广泛应用于时装设计中。Embroidery, which is of great significance in both Chinese Art and the history ofhandcraft, is one of the most popular traditional folk arts in China. Its industry is driven by the development of silkworm raising and silk-reeling. In the world, 5China is the first country to discover and use silk. It was 5,000 years ago that Chinese people began to raise silkworm and to spin silk. With the emergence and development of the silk, embroidery is gradually rising/thriving. Nowadays, Chinese embroidery is very popular around the world and is widely applied to the modern fashion design.10. 筷子是广泛适用于东亚各国的传统餐具。筷子的历史起源于中国古代，最早可以追溯到商代。 筷子通常由竹子、塑料、木材或不锈钢制成。第一双筷子可能用于烹饪，拨火而不是作为饮 食器具。直到汉代，筷子才开始用作餐具。直到明代，筷子才开始被普遍使用于上菜或者吃 饭。然后它们被取名“筷子”，并拥有了今天的形状。Chopsticks are used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries. Chopsticks originated in ancient China and dates back to as early as the Shang Dynasty. They are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood or stainless steel. The first chopsticks were probably used for cooking, stirring the fire and not as eating utensils. Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the Han Dynasty. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks were widely used for both serving and eating. They then acquired the name kuaizi and the present shape.中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three hundred years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as a mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example chopsticks are often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or ones hand, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters.” Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.11.唐代文化是中国文化的一个高峰。尤其是古典诗歌到唐代发展到全盛时期。在唐代300余年 的历史中，产生的流传于后世的诗歌就有48,900多首。如此丰富的作品也使2,300多位诗人 在历史上留下了他们的名字。唐诗在创作方法上，现实主义与浪漫主义并举。唐代最著名的 诗人是李白和杜甫，他们都是具有世界声誉的诗人，后人将他们合称为“李杜”。The Tang Dynasty witnessed a peak in Chinese culture. Especially, ancient poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In more than 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, some 48,900 poems were handed down and remain widely known today. So many works also made more than 2,300 poets famous in history. As far as the writing technique is concerned, the Tang poetry combined realism and romanticism. The best-known poets of the Tang Dynasty were Li Bai and Du Fu, who are very prestigious in the whole world and people of later generations called both of them as “Li Du” collaboratively.12. 风水（Feng shui）是中国建筑中的一个特殊传统，是古人对空间的布置与安排方法，其目的是为了实现建筑与环境的和谐共存。风水的字面意思就是“风和水”。在古代，风水通常将从选址、设计、建筑直到内部和外部装修的整个过程联系在一起。它将天、地、人三者融为一体，并且在所选的地址、方位、自然法则以及人类命运之间寻求和谐。它反对人对自然的破坏，而是强调人与环境的共处，这种状态被认为是完美、神秘的。Feng shui, a special Chinese traditional in architecture, is the ancient Chinese practice of placement and arrangement of space to achieve coexistence in harmony with the environment. Feng shui literally translates as “wind-water”. Feng shui usually links the whole process from site selection, designing, construction and interior and exterior decoration in ancient times. It combines the trinity of the heaven, earth, and humans, and seeks harmony between selected site, orientation, nature doctrine and human fate. It repulses human destruction of nature and stresses cohabitation with the environment, which is regarded as perfect and occult.13. Yangko dance）是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者 通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作迅速有力。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间， 人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来， 中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳舞来保持健康，同时他们也 乐在其中。The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces. Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their movements are vigorous and quick. During holidays, such as the lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside. In recent years