自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第五章 -动词和动词词组.docx

第五章 -动词和动词词组（1）时，体和将来时间定义5.0.2 时&体 Tense & Aspects时Tense: English verbs have two tenses- The present tense & The past tense, which are termed simple present (tense) & simple past (tense) if the verb is not pre-modified by an auxiliary. 5.1 TenseSimple Present & Simple Past 一般现在时 & 一般过去时Simple Present 一般现在时一般用法1. Present time; 2. Sense of performance; 3. Past;4. FutureSimple Past 一般现在时一般用法1. Past time2. Hypothesis3. Special attitude.1. Past (Less important)1. 常用于叙述体小说中。2. 新闻标题 CHILDREN STASRVE IN AFRICA3. 图片解说 Martin Luther king delivers his last speech4. 解释过程 stage direction 5. 与交流词汇配合发音（say, hear, tell） I hear you are getting married.1. Past 根据时间副词，语境语义表示现在之前某个特定时间1. 过去的事情，已结束。 完成性( 过去进行体)The war broke out in 1940.2. 过去的状态He lived in London.3. 过去的习惯I used to get up late.2. Present 1. 表示不受时间限制的客观存在，如真理，格言等The earth moves around the sun.2. 表示现状.He is a good man. My sis lives in New York. 3. 习惯 永久不变（ 与现在进行体比较）动作与说话同时发生We work 5days a week.4. 讲话瞬间发生的事, 瞬间动作（ 与现在进行体比较）I apologize for being late.5. 体育解说6. 现场操作说明。2. Present1. 假设（表达与现实相反或者说话者的愿望，出现在非独立从句中，一般if引导）If you didnt love him, you wouldnt be sad.I wish I had strength like yours.If I were a boy.2. 礼貌用语 (比一般现在时更委婉)Did you understand? I wondered if3. Future1. 在独立从句中表示将来一定会发生的事情You will have to be responsible for everything you do after youre 18 .3.Future1. 表示假设出现在非独立句中。与一般过去时表示现在时类似，是不过有些时候根据上下文要表示的是将来时态.What if she didnt call in ten minutes?5.2 Aspect 体The progressive Aspect & Perfective Aspect 进行体&完成体The progressive Aspect进行体表示动作在某一时间内正在进行，有持续性，暂时性和未完成神性等含义。The Perfective Aspect表示动作在一定的时间内处于完成状态。The Present Progressive 现在进行体The Past Progressive 过去进行体The present perfect progressive 现在完成进行体The past perfect progressive过去完成进行体The present perfect 现在完成体The past perfect 过去完成体The Present Progressive 现在进行体The Present Progressive 现在进行体1.Present1. 与说话同时进行的动作。持续动作（ 与一般现在时比较）The audience is cheering and singing.2. 表示一个临时持续的事情，某段时间的习惯 .一段时间，会变化的（ 与一般现在时比较）Mike lives in Paris, but he is staying at Sheffield for my wedding at the moment. 3. 与频率高的时间副词连用表示人物特性或者习惯。失去语法意义。(非赞同语气)My wife is always losing her keys.2.Past1. 刚刚发生的事情(与说话时)。What are you talking about? You are disturbing the class.3.Future1. 与计划相关的未来事情。暗示要为将来发生的事做些准备。与 be going to可互换。比其更有可能性。Beijing is hosting the Olympic.The Past Progressive 过去进行体1. Present假设句.Id rather we were leaving early tomorrow morning. / Its time we were leaving.2. Past 1. 表示过去正在进行的事，接表示时间点，时间段的副词.We were still living in NY in 1995.What were you doing at this time yesterday?2. 作家描写常用手段，表明事情的同时性。I was having dinner when a friend came to c me.3. 一项仍在进行的事情. 不完整性。（ 一般过去时）The man was dying. / The man died. 3.Future1. 虚拟，比一般过去时更加礼貌谦虚，不确定性。 与 hope, wonder等连用。I was hoping you could do us a fever.体Aspect: Reflect the way in which verb action is regarded or experienced with 5.2.3 Present perfect& Present Perfect Progress 现在完成体&现在完成进行体Basically used to denote a relation between the past and the present,1. 现在完成体指状态，习惯或者事情。最主要的特征是：过去发生的事情持续到现在或者对现状有影响.John has lived here for 10 years. (statues) Ive walked to work since I sold my last car. (habit)My wife has been to the US twice. (event)2. Present perfect VS Simple Past 现在完成时 VS 一般过去时现在完成体指对现状有影响的动作，事情等。（未结束）一般现在时指某个做完了的动作。She has worked hard all her life. (alive and probably still working hard)She worked hard all her life. ( worked hard till dead)3. Finished & Unfinished use & Present Perfect Progress 1. Finished use: Momentary Verb & Transition Verb need.She has recovered from illness. He has left for Britain. (强调状态) he left for Britain(强调动作)2. Unfinished use: 指某个states，habit或者在否定说表明一件木有发生的事Ive known him for 30 years./ She hasnt called yet since she left.3. Present Perfect Progress：未完成用法的加强They have been living here since their marriage.l 现在完成进行时也可用来表示刚刚过去对说话时仍有影响的事情。Im sure she has been crying again. Yes, her eyes are red.5.2.4 The past perfect 过去完成体 & The past perfect progressive过去完成进行体1. Finish & Unfinished use & Past Perfect Progress 1. Finished use过去的过去发生的事情。在一个特定时间点的之前发生的事情或者状态. When we arrived at the station, the train had already left.Can be replaced by “Simple Past + 表顺序的Conjunction (Before or After)”He had lived here before I moved in. = He lived here before I lived in. 2. Unfinished use: 过去一直在做的事He was frustrated because he had worked on his paper for long and didnt seem to make progress.3. 使用动态动词（wait, work）的从句可用过去完成进行时带起来加强语气（表unfinished）.He was frustrated because he had been working on his paper for long and didnt seem to make progress. 2. 虚拟用法。指过去木有发生的情况或者事情，由于已经发生了，所以也是不可改变的。l If, if only, as if, as thoughIf you had work harder, you wouldnt have lost the job.If only you had lived here with us.l That-clause following wish, would rather.I wish you hadnt told her the news.l Expect, intend, mean, suppose, think, want to express an unfulfilled intension&plan.I had wanted to call you but my phone broke down.Progressive verb & Non-progressive verbProgressive verbAction Verb Transition verb Sensation VerbDurative MomentaryLeave, die, changeFeel, hurt, acheWrite, ReadJump, HitNon-Progressive verb, Dynamic VervRelation Verb Perception verb 感知动词Attitudinal Verb Be, Have, own, equalSee, smell, tasteThink, wonder 5.3 Future英语中没有“将来时”,但是可用几种不同的方式表达。Future1. Will / Shall do sth.1. 表预见性,侧重于说话者的假设，对未来状况的预计。(speaker oriented) I dont think it will rain tomorrow. / Work harder, or you will never pass the exam.2. 非预见性，表示说话者的意愿，意图。（Subject oriented） I will never talk to him.2. Be going to do sth1. 预见性2. 非预见性表非预见性时，可以与WILL互换.Difference between Will and Be going to 1. 预见性Be going to : 根据一定的证据对未来作出的推测。 Will： 说话者的随意猜想推测。2. 非预见性Be going to: 接人物主语时，表示一个已经考虑好了的意图。Will: 可表示在说话同时出现在说话者脑中的新想法。 3. Present Progressive 现在进行体。（见现在进行体）1. 与计划相关的未来事情。暗示要为将来发生的事做些准备。与 be going to可互换。比其更有可能性。 Beijing is hosting the Olympic. 与 Be going to可互换，比Be going to可能性更大。*未来相关的事不包括人类力不能及的事情。4. Simple Present 一般现在时1. 表示未来坚定不移会发生的事情。Tomorrow is Friday.Possibility: Simple Present Present Progressive Be going to Will 5. 另一些表将来时的结构1. Will be doing sth.1. 将来持续性的时间。 Ill be waiting for you .2. 认为将来理所当然要发生的事情，帮助避免了自主选择的尴尬.Ill be driving at 65 miles an hour. （表示65公里时限速）Ill driving at 65 miles an hour. (sounds like a promise) 2. Be about to do 1. A Near future The bus is about to come.2. 用在过去时中，表示一个马上要完成但是没有完成的动作.I was about to leave when she came.3. Be to do sth.1. 与present progressive 现在进行体相似，表示一个将来的安排或者计划。The major is to visit our school tomorrow.2. 表示 Must You are to finish your homework before you can watch TV.6. 表示假设，虚拟1. Simple Past : 表示与现实相反，或说话者的意愿，（非独立句，需用if引导）： If I were a boy.2. The Past ProgressiveIts time we were leaving. / Id rather we were leaving early tomorrow morning.3. The Past perfect假设过去没有发生的事情。If you had worked harder, you wouldnt have lost the job.I wish