非谓语动词(2014).doc

高中英语语法专题复习 非谓语动词 定义：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。分类：非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）一、 动词不定式1.不定式的时态及语态时态主动被动一般to doto be done进行to be doing完成to have doneto have been done完成进行to have been doing用动词的适当形式填空1） Im glad _( see ) you.2） He pretended _ ( read ) a book when I came in.3） He asked _( send ) to work in Tibet.4） We seem _ ( meet ) each other before.5） This book is said _( translate ) into many languages.6） He is said _( study ) abroad，but I dont know which country he is studying in.2不定式的句法功能1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面一句可用如下形式：_2）作表语：Her job is _. 她的工作就是打扫大厅3）作宾语： He managed _. 他设法通过了考试。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，如：I found it impossible to finish the work on time.有些情况下，不定式的to省略。I have no choice but _(stay) here.I can do nothing but _(stay) here.4）作宾语补足语：动词不定式作动词feel, hear，see，watch，notice，observe等感官动词以及have, let，make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式符号to要省略。如：I saw him cross the road 但如果这些句子变成被动结构时，就必须带to符号。如：He was seen _(cross ) the road. 5）作定语：用不定式作定语的几种情况不定式表将来I borrowed some books _( read ) during my holiday.我借了几本书在假期里读。被序数词、形容词最高级或only, last, next等修饰的名词常用不定式做定语。如：He was the best man_.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。She is always the first student_她总是第一个到校。 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 There is no one _.没有人照顾她。 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。 If theres a lot of work _( do ), Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. 如果有很多工作要做的话，我会很乐意坚持到结束。用于修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability，chance，idea，fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，belief，way，reason，moment，time等。如：Do you have the ability _?你具备读、写英语的能力吗？作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。She is now looking for a room to_.她正在寻找居住的房间。I want to have a pen to _. 我想有一支用来书写的钢笔。6）作状语不定式作状语，常表示原因、结果、条件、目的等。He worked day and night _. 为了挣钱，他日日夜夜的工作。T / FTo save money, every means has been tried.( )To save money, he has tried every means. ( )I visited him only to find him out. only to do 表示_They were very sad _. 听到这个消息他们非常伤心。7） 作独立成分_, I dont like the way he talked.说实话，我不喜欢他说话的方式。3.不定式符号to的保留问题有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词后：expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try以及be glad/happy；would like/love等后面。如：I havent been to Hong Kong，but I _. 我没去过香港，但我想去。二、动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1. 动名词的形式1）一般式：Seeing is _( believe )眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without _( invite )他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered _ ( see ) the film.我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot _ ( take ) to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。5）否定式：I regret _ ( not follow ) his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。2.动名词的句法功能：1）作主语：_is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no good _.等在这儿是没有好处的。2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is _.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。3）作宾语：They havent finished_. 他们还没有建好大坝。有些动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid， excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, admit，deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, set about, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like有些动词后接动词-ing形式和不定式都可以，且意思差别细微，或看作没差别，如：begin, start, hate, like, love, continue等；但另一些词差别很大，如：forget, try, remember, mean, stop, regret等。forget to do _ try to do _forget doing _ try doing _ remember to do _ mean to do _remember doing _ mean doing _stop to do _ regret to do _stop doing _ regret doing _动词advise, allow, permit, forbid的共同用法：_4）作定语：Is there _in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？3 动名词的某些固定结构Its no use / no good doing There is no point in doing三、现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。时态主动被动一般doingbeing done完成having donehaving been done否定式：_完成下列句子：They went to the park, _. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。_, he played basketball.做完作业，他开始打篮球。The problem _is very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。_, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2. 现在分词的句法功能：1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语作定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用in the years_the man speaking to the teacher 可改为_.2）作表语：The present situation is inspiring.3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。如：Can you hear her _( sing )the song in the next room？ 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？4）作状语现在分词作状语，表示主语是现在分词动作的发出者。现在分词作状语，常表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随等。_money, I decided to apply for the work. 因为缺钱，我决定申请这份工作。He stayed at home,_. 他待在家里，又擦又洗。_, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。He dropped the glass, _. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 5) 作独立成分 _ his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表来判断，他一定是个演员。_, girls are more careful.一般说来，女孩子更细心。四、过去分词过去分词的句法功能：1. 过去分词作定语The house _( build ) next year will be our new library.The house _( build ) now will be our new library.The house _( build ) last year is our new library.2. 过去分词作表语 The window is _. 窗户破了。3.过去分词作宾语补足语 I heard the song _several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。4.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，表示主语是过去分词动作的承受者。过去分词作状语，常表示原因、时间、让步、条件等。1）_, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。2）Once _, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。3）_, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。4）_hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。五 一些特殊结构1独立主格结构 有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。1）I _(wait) for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.2）All the tickets_(sell out), they went away disappointedly.3）Time _(permit), well do another two exercises.2 With复合结构With+宾语+宾语补足语，构成with复合结构，宾语可以是名词或代词，宾语补足语可以是动词不定式、过去分词、动词-ing形式等。He came in, with his hands _(tie ) at the back.I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _(go) on.With two exams _(take), he is worried now.3 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的区别1）When we visited my old family home, memory came _ (flood) back.2) _(make) full preparations, we are ready for an examination.3) _( encourage ) by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.4) _(not realize) that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.5) _(see) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.随堂练习一 单句改错1 Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to see whether they will enjoy it.2 After he became conscious, he remembered to have been attacked and hit on the head with a rod.3 Having not received a reply, he decided to write again.4 The fire lasted a month, left nothing for the local people.5 Most of the photographers were invited to the conference were from north Europe.6 The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself hear.二 根据所给中文意思，把下列句子补充完整。1 妈妈进屋时，男孩子假装在看书。The boy pretended _ when his mother entered.2当我回家时，我看到门上贴着一张纸，上面写着：“真遗憾，没见到你，我过后打电话给你。”_ home, I saw a message pinned to the door, _ “Sorry to miss you; I will call later.3 第二天早上，他发现那老人躺在床上，死了。The next morning, he found the man _ in bed, _.4 错过这班火车意味着还要等上一个小时，所以我打算明天早点起来。_ means _ another hour, so I _ get up early tomorrow.5 从山上看，这座城市像一个花园。_, the city looks like a garden.6 老师走进来，后面跟着一些学生。The teacher came in, _.【高考链接】【2013北京】1. Volunteering gives you a chance lives, including your own.A. change B. changingC. changedD. to change【2013北京】2. the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.A. FindB. FindingC. To findD. Found【2013北京】3. When we saw the road with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.A. blockB. to blockC. blockingD. blocked【2013福建】4. _ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known【2013福建】 5. Anyone, once _ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test【2013湖南】6. The sun began to rise in the sky, _ the mountain in golden light. A. bathedB. bathingC. to have bathedD. have bathed【2013湖南】7. _ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. A. StayingB. StayedC. To stayD. Stay【2013江苏】8. Lionel Messi, the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.A. set B. setting C. to set D. having set【2013江苏】 9.Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and to ruins, the city took on a new look.A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced【2013江西】10.If _ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.A. askedB. to askC. askingD. having asked【2013山东】11. The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner. A. standing B. to stand C. standsD. stood 【2013山东】12. _ at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating 【2013陕西】13. The witnesses by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned【2013四川】14 . _ w