独立主格结构.doc

高中英语语法讲义-独立主格结构一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absoluteconstruction），由名词/主格代词+现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。（3）主要用于书面语。（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词或主格代词+名词在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。此结构也可写成：名词或代词being名词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。Hefoughtagainstthethief,astick(being)hisonlyweapon(=andastickwashisonlyweapon).他和这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。HehastranslatedthewholebookintoEnglish,anEnglish-Chinesedictionary(being)histool.(=andanEnglish-Chinesedictionarywashistool.)用一本英汉字典作工具，他把整本书翻译成了英语。ItbeingSunday(=AsitwasSunday),Ididntgotoschool.（句中的being不能省略）因为是星期天，我没有上课。2.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。Weatherpermitting(=Iftimepermits)，wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。(表示条件)Springcomingon(=Whenspringcameon),thetreesturnedgreen.春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间)ItbeingSunday(=AsitwasSunday),theyhadnoclasses.由于是星期天，他们不上课。(表示原因，此时being不能省略)Motherbeingill(=Becausemotherwasill),Ihavetostayhometolookafterher.妈妈病了,我只好在家照顾他。(表示原因)Therebeingnobus(=Becausetherewasnobus),wehadtowalkhome.因为没有公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。(表示原因)注意：（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+havingdone”的形式，含义为“已经”。例如：Thestudentshavingfinishedtheirhomework(=Afterthestudentsfinishedtheirhomework),wewenthome.学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。（2）如果该结构表示“正在被”,则用“名词/主格代词+beingdone”的形式,being不能省略。例如：Foodbeingcooked(=Whenfoodwasbeingcooked),Ifellasleep.当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。3.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成）名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。Thesignalgiven(=Afterthesignalwasgiven),thebusstarted.发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间)Theirstrengthexhausted(=Becausetheirstrengthwasexhausted),theysankdownonebyone.他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因)Allthingsconsidered(=Ifallthingsareconsidered),hersuggestionisofgreatervaluethanyours.若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件）Hesatsilently,eyesclosed(=andhiseyeswereclosed).他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式）注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+havingbeendone”的形式，含义为“已经被”。但是havingbeen可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如：Theworkhavingbeenfinished(=Aftertheworkwasfinished),helefttheworkshop.工作完成以后，他离开了车间。4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词（表示状态或特征）形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质特征及所处状态。在该结构中，形容词或副词前其实省略了being.Everything(being)ready(=Wheneverythingwasready),theystartedout.一切准备停当，他们开始出发。（表示时间）Thechildrenweremakingasnowman,hands(being)redwithcold.(=andtheirhandswereredwithcold)孩子们在对雪人，手都冻红了。（表示伴随状况）Themeeting(being)over(=Whenthemeetingwasover),thestudentsweredismissed.会议结束，学生们解散了。（表示时间）Theboylookedatthebeautifulpicture,eyes(being)wideopen(=andhiseyeswerewideopen).（wide:adv完全地）这个孩子看着这幅美丽的图画，眼睛睁得大大的。（表示伴随状况）5.名词/主格代词+不定式（多表示将来含义，有时也表示过去含义）(1)名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用主动形式。Theteachertohelpus(=Iftheteachertohelpus),wewillsucceed.有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义）Heinvitedustoseeafilm,hehimselftobuythetickets(=andhehimselfboughtthetickets).他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）(2)如果名词/主格代词与不定式构成被动关系,此时不定式用被动形式(tobedone)。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrow(=Becausethemeetingistobeheldtomorrow)，wemustcatchthefirstbus.因为会议明天要被召开，所以我们必须赶上第一班汽车。（表示原因）6.名词/主格代词+介词短语（表示状态或特征）介词短语常用来说明名词或主格代词的特征或所处的状态。 Theoldmansatinthechair,bookinhandandpipeinmouth(=andabookwasinhishandandapipewasinhismouth).老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。（表示伴随状况） Theoldfarmercameback,alargebasketonhisshoulder(=andalargebasketwasonhisshoulder). 老农回来，一个大筐扛在肩上。（表示伴随状况） 注意：在该结构中，介词前后的名词前都可以加上限定词，也可以都不加。不加限定词时，介词前后的 名词一般用单数形式。例如： Heenteredtheclassroom,hatonhead.他进入教室，帽子戴在头上。三、其他形式的独立主格结构 1.It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）ItbeingMonday,thelibraryisclosed. Itbeingspring,manykindsofflowerscomeout.2.倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后） (1)therebeing形式（含义为“有”,being不能省略）Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot. 没有汽车，我们只好步行回家。 Therebeinglotsofworktodo,wecantgiveyouahand.有很多工作要做，我们无法帮助你。(2)suchbeing形式 Suchbeingthecase,shehadnothingtosay.情况就这样，她没有什么要说。 Suchbeingthefact,hehadtoadmithismistake.事实如此,他只好承认他的错误。(3)介词短语形式 Inthesandbeingthemarkofamansfoot,Crusoestaredatit,fulloffear.沙地里是一个男子的脚印，Crusoe注视着脚印，充满了恐惧。注意：being在下列情况下不能省略：独立主格结构的主语为it或there。独立主格结构用倒装句式。 用于“名词/主格代词+beingdone”结构中。四、介词with/without复合结构1.这种结构的构成和含义如下： doing(表示动作的主动和进行)done（表示动作的被动和完成）With/without+名词/宾格代词+ todo(表示将来)adj/adv(表示状态或特征)介词短语（表示状态或特征）名词（表示状态或特征）“With/without+名词/宾格代词+名词”使用的情形很少。 该结构作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等含义；有时候也可以作定语。Withtheboyleadingtheway,wearesurewellbethereontime.有男孩带路，我们有把握我们会准时到那儿。（表示原因）Theclassroomisverybightwithallthelightsturnedon.所有的灯都打开，教室里非常明亮。（表示时间）Icantgoout,withalotofworktodo.我不能出去，因为有很多工作要做。（表示原因）Donttalkwithyourmouthfull.不要嘴里含着东西谈话。（表示方式）Withthelightoff,wecantseeanything.灯灭了，我们什么也看不见。（表示原因）Hefoughtthetigerwithoutastickashisonlyweapon.他与老虎搏斗,没有一根棍子作为武器。（表示方式）Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.老师进入了教室，手里拿着一本书。（表示伴随状况）Hereachedthebeautifulriverwithredflowersandgreentreesonbothsides.他来到了两岸长满红花绿树的这条河上。（作后置定语，修饰river）2.独立主格结构与with复合结构的区别：独立主格结构和with/without的复合结构在大多数情况下可以相互转换。例如：Hestoodforaninstantwithhishandstillraised.他仍然举着手站了一会儿。Hestoodforaninstant，hishandstillraised.Hecouldbeseenwithhislegswrappedaroundthetrunkandhisblondheadstickingoutabovethebranches.只见他双腿盘着树干，长满金黄头发的头伸出树枝以上。Hecouldbeseen，hislegswrappedaroundthetrunkandhisblondheadstickingoutabovethebranches.Withoutanymoneyleft，hehadnochoicebuttoborrowsomefromhisfriend.由于手头拮据，他只得向他的朋友借一些钱。Nomoneyleft，hehadnochoicebuttoborrowsomefromhisfriend.Withhimsittingnexttoher，shefeltsafe.有他坐在身旁，她感到很安全。Hesittingnexttoher，shefeltsafe.以上两种结构所表达的意思基本相同。所不同的是with复合结构常用于日常生活中，更口语化。而独立主格结构则多用于描绘文字，即多用于文学中，使之所描绘的内容更加生动有色。如：Hesatinthefrontrow，hismouthhalfopen，hiseyeslookingstraightup，hisheadthrustforwardsoasnottomissasingleword.他坐在前排，口半张，眼直视，头前倾，生怕漏掉一个字。Abamboohatonhishead，strawsandalsonhisfeet，carryingpoleonhisshoulder，folksonginmouth，theyoungpeasantclimbeduptothemountainstepbystep.那个年轻的农夫头戴斗笠，脚穿草鞋，肩扛扁担，口哼山歌，一步一步登上山来。练习一1.Thethiefstoodbeforethepoliceman，_admittingwhathehaddoneA.withhisdroppingheadB.droppedhisheadC.raisinghisheadD.withhisheaddown2._，hecantgooutforawalkasusualA.WithsomuchworktodoB.WithsomuchworkdoingC.WithsomuchworkdoneD.Withoutsomuchworktodo3.Itsquitestrangethatthemansleepswithhismouth_andhiseyes_A.closed；openB.closed；openedC.closing；openD.closing；opening4.Allthings_，theplantripwillhavetobecalledoffA.beconsideredB.consideredC.consideringD.havingconsidering5._,wehavetogetdowntobusinessrightawayA.AstherewasnotimeleftB.ThereisnotimeleftC.TherebeingnotimeleftD.Theretobenotimeleft6._yesterday，wewentoutforawalkA.AsafinedayB.ItwasafinedayC.ItbeingafinedayD.Foritwasafineday7.Theoldmanstoodthere,_A.withbackagainstthewallB.withhisbackagainstthewallC.andbackagainstwallD.hisbackwasagainstthewall8.Allflights_becauseofthesnow-storm，manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrainA.werecanceledB.havingbeencanceledC.hadbeencanceledD.havebeencanceled9._nobus,wehadtowalkhome.A.TherewasB.TherebeingC.BecausetherebeingD.Thereis10._,Illgotherewithyoutomorrowafternoon.A.TimepermitsB.IftimepermittingC.TimepermittingD.Timespermitting11._,weallwenthomehappily.A.GoodbyewassaidB.GoodbyehadbeensaidC.GoodbyesaidD.Whengoodbyesaid12._,weallwentswimminginhighspirits.A.ItbeingfineweatherB.ItfineweatherC.ItwasfineweatherD.Itbeingafineweather13._,thebusstartedatonce.A.ThesignalwasgivenB.ThesignalgivingC.ThesignalgivenD.Whenthesignalgiven14.Shestoodthere,_fromhercheeks.A.tearsrollingdownB.tearsrolleddownC.withtearsrolleddownD.tearsrollingdown15._,theleavesareturninggreen.A.WhenspringcomingonB.SpringcomingonC.SpringcameonD.Springbeingcomeon16._,Ihadtobuyanewone.A.MydictionarylosingB.MydictionaryhavingbeenlostC.MydictionaryhadbeenlostD.Becausemydictionarylost17.Iusedtosleepwiththewindow_.A.openedB.openC.openingD.toopen18._,thehunterwentintotheforest.A.AgunonshoulderB.AgunwasonhisshoulderC.GunonshoulderD.Agunbeingonshoulder19.Hestoodtheresilently,hislips_.A.tremblingB.trembledC.weretremblingD.weretrembled20._,wewillsurelysucceed.A.TheteacherhelpingusB.TheteachertohelpusC.TheteacherwillhelpusD.Withtheteacherhelping练习二：高考试题精选1.Withalotofdifficultproblems_,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(上海02春季)A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled2._theproductionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.(NMET2000)A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through3.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_behindhisback.(MET91,22)A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied4.Themeeting_over,wealllefttheroomanddrovehome.(上海87)A.isB.tobeC.beingD.wouldbe5._,theywillgoandvisitthezoo.(上海86)A.WeatherpermittingB.WeatherpermittedC.WeatherbeingpermittedD.Weatherhavingpermitted6._twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.(2004北京卷，33)A.WithB.BesidesC.AsforD.Becauseof7.Icouldntdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise_.(2005年北京卷34)A.goingonB.goesonC.wentonD.togoon8.Isendyou100dollars,therest_inayear.（2005湖南卷34）A.followB.followed。C.tofollowD.beingfollowed9._andnowaytoreduceherpainandsufferingfromtheterribledisease,thepatientsoughtherdoctorshelptoendherlife.(2005/江西/29)A.HavinggivenuphopeofcureB.WithnohopeforcureC.TherebeinghopeforcureD.Inthehopeofcure10.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_fortheday.A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.werefinished11.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent_attheendoflastMarch.A.hasbeenlaunchedB.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunched练习三：复习巩固1._,wewenthomeinahurry.A.ThemeetingwasoverB.AsthemeetingbeingoverC.BeingoverD.Themeetingover2.Thesquarelooksfarmorebeautiful_.A.withallthelightsturningonB.allthelightsturningonC.turningonallthelightsD.withallthelightsturnedon3._,Ihadtodoherworkinstead.A.BeingillB.HerbeingillC.ShebeingillD.Shewasill4._,shewenttobedwithgreatsatisfaction.A.AfteralldoneB.AlldoneC.AllhadbeendoneD.Doingall5.Hesatlisteningtotheteacher,_.A.openedhismouthB.andopeninghismouthC.withhismouthopenD.hismouthwasopened6._,hewouldmostprobablybelate.A.WithoutanybodytocallhimB.AnybodytocallhimC.NobodycalledhimD.Withhimtocall7._,theymadefortheclassroominahurry.A.WithonlythreeminutestogoB.TherewereonlythreeminutesleftC.AsonlythreeminutestogoD.Onlythreeminuteswereleft8._,weareallsureofitssuccess.A.WithhetakingchargeoftheworkB.WithhestakingchargeontheworkC.HistakingchargeoftheworkD.Withhimtakingchargeofthework9.Alittleboy,_,ranintotheroom.A.withtwoofhisfrontteethmissedB.twoofhisfrontteethweremissingC.withtwoofhisfrontteethmissingD.missedtwoofhisfrontteeth10._thathecouldspeakEnglishverywell,theyallcametopractiseEnglishwithhim.A.HebeingknownB.ItwasknownC.HewasknownD.Itbeingknown11.Hewalked_.A.withhisheadheldhighB.heldhisheadhighC.hisheadholdinghighD.withhisheadtoholdhigh12.Shecameherethismorning,_.A.herboyfriendtojoinhernextmonthB.herboyfriendwouldjoinhernextmonthC.andherboyfriendjoininghernextmonthD.withherboyfriendjoinedhernextmonth13.Thisbookiswellwritten,_.A.withspecialattentionpaidtowrittenEnglishB.withspecialattentionpayingtowrittenEnglishC.specialattentionispaidtowrittenEnglishD.paidspecialattentiontowrittenEnglish14._,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeatA.BeingnofoodleftB.TherebeingnofoodleftC.TherewasnofoodleftD.Nofoodwasleft15._,thetreesturnedgreen.A.AsspringcomingonB.SpringcameonC.SpringcomingonD.Withspringcomeon16._,thesunshoneagain.A.ThedarkcloudshavingdisappearedB.HavingdisappearedthedarkcloudsC.ThedarkcloudstodisappearD.Withthedarkcloudsdisappeared17._,hehandedittotheteacher.A.ThecompositionwritingB.HavingbeenwrittenC.ThecompositionwrittenD.Afterthecompositionwrote18._,themeetingwasover.A.NobodyhadanymoretosayB.NobodyhavinganymoretosayC.Bec