汉语语法与英语语法简单比较.doc

汉语语法与英语语法语言有三个要素：音、词、语法一、音 汉语拼音与英语音标相同大于不同。英语是音形一致的拼音文字。汉语既有拼音还有汉字。二、词 （两种语言几乎相同）汉语12类词实词名词代词动词数词量词形容词虚词副词介词连词助词叹词拟声词英语10类词实词名词代词动词数词形容词副词虚词介词连词冠词感叹词三、语法 语法包括词法和句法。词法包括词类的变化和用法。句法包括句子成分、句子类型和修辞。（一）句子成分（两种语言的句子成分相同）汉语句子成分主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语英语句子成分主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语（二）句子成分与词类的关系（两种语言区别很大）汉语句子成分可以由哪类词充当（汉语句子成分与词类的关系）主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语除了助词、连词、叹词、拟声词以外，8类词都可以做主语除了助词、连词、叹词、拟声词以外，8类词都可以做谓语除了助词、连词、叹词、拟声词以外，8类词都可以做宾语除了助词、连词、叹词、拟声词以外，8类词都可以做定语除了助词、连词、叹词、拟声词以外，8类词都可以做状语除了助词、连词、叹词、拟声词以外，8类词都可以做补语英语句子成分可以由哪类词充当（英语句子成分与词类的关系）主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语名词 动词名词 形容词 副词 名词代词代词名词 形容词数词数词代词数词注意：汉语的词类做句子成分几乎没有规则，英语有严格的规则。英语的词类有很多变化：名词和代词有复数；动词有时态、语态、不定式、动名词、分词等；形容词和副词有比较级和最高级。（三）句子类型： （两种语言相同）从用途上可以分为5种：1、陈述句 2、疑问句 3、祈使句 4、感叹句 5、虚拟句从结构上可以分为3种： 简单句 并列句 复合句四、复合句：为了表达复杂的意思，两种语言都使用复合句，两种语言完全相同。复合句的用法，两种语言有很大的不同：一是连接词不同，二是句子顺序不同。（一） 状语从句 状语由句子来充当。状语从句主要用来修饰主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。关键是要掌握引导状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词。 状语从句种类：1、时间 after, before, as, when, while, since, till, until, whenever, as long as, as soon as; no soonerthan, hardlywhen 2、地点（where, wherever） ；3、方式（as, as if, as though） ；4、程度（asas, more than, sothat ,suchthat） ；5、原因（because, since, as, now that, that） ；6、结果（,so that, sothat, suchthat） ；7、目的（so that, in order that, in case） ；8、条件（if, unless） ；9.让步（though, although, even if, even though, in spite of the fact that , whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, however, no matter how, whether） 1、时间状语从句常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2、地点状语从句 常用引导词:where 特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3、原因状语从句常用引导词:because, since, as, for特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, as much as, so much asMy friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4、目的状语从句常用引导词:so that, in order that特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5、结果状语从句常用引导词:so that, so that, such that,特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6、条件状语从句常用引导词:if, unless,特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition thatWell start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7、让步状语从句常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装), while ( 一般用在句首 ), no matter , in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8、比较状语从句常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词:the more the more ; just as , so; no more than;She is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men wha